The PEBP genes FLOWERING LOCUS T and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 modulate seed dormancy and size.

Abstract

The phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family members FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) are major regulators of plant reproduction. In Arabidopsis, the FT/TFL1 balance defines the timing of floral transition and the determination of inflorescence meristem identity. However, emerging studies have elucidated a plethora of previously unknown functions for these genes in various physiological processes. Here, we characterized potential roles in seed size and dormancy of FT and TFL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana using CRISPR mutants and reporter analysis. Our findings unveiled a role for TFL1 in seed dormancy while confirming the role of FT in regulating this trait. We showed that the interplay between these two genes in seed dormancy is antagonistic, mirroring their roles in flowering time and inflorescence architecture. Analysis of reporter lines demonstrated that FT and TFL1 are partly co-expressed in seeds. Finally, we showed that total seed yield is affected in these mutants. Together, our results highlight the versatility of these two genes beyond their canonical functions. The impact of FT and TFL1 on seed characteristics emphasizes the significance of approaching gene studies from various perspectives, enabling the identification of multifaceted molecular factors that could play a major role in shaping the future of agriculture.