Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using oyster shell-derived superparamagnetic acid-base bifunctional biochar

IF 7.8 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Process Safety and Environmental Protection Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-22 DOI:10.1016/j.psep.2025.106820

Guohui Zhang , Wenjie Liang , Jing Liu , Guanyi Chen , Jingang Yao , Beibei Yan , Haoran Wang , Yang Zhang

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Abstract

This study evaluates the catalytic potential of a waste-derived magnetic acid-base bifunctional nanocatalyst, CaO-Fe₂O₃-based biochar (CaO-Fe₂O₃/BC), synthesized from oyster shells, for the conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel. The research aims to mitigate waste generation and reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuel consumption, thereby promoting sustainable energy utilization. The catalyst's properties were comprehensively analyzed using various characterization techniques, while the effects of experimental reaction variables including catalyst loading, methanol-to-oil molar ratios, reaction temperatures and times were evaluated to enhance the transesterification. Additionally, response surface methodology was employed to optimize and enhance the efficiency of the transesterification process. N₂ physisorption measurement revealed its suitability for ester exchange reactions, boasting a higher specific surface area (48.82 m² g⁻¹) and pore size (19.26 nm) than those (2.643 m² g⁻¹ and 9.385 nm, respectively) of traditional CaO catalysts. A biodiesel yield of 95.6 % was obtained under optimized conditions of 65 ℃, 4 wt% catalyst loading, a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 17:1 and a reaction time of 2.5 h. Response surface methodology (RSM) determined optimal conditions: 4.30 wt% catalyst loading, 17.60 alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, 66.50 °C, and 2.65 h, yielding 96.8 % biodiesel. With a magnetic strength of 14.26 emu g⁻¹, CaO-Fe₂O₃/BC allowed efficient recovery through magnetic decantation. The work further analyzes the mechanism of CaO-Fe₂O₃/BC-catalyzed transesterification and assesses the repeatability of the catalyst. CaO-Fe₂O₃/BC demonstrated satisfactory stability and reusability, maintaining a biodiesel yield of 72.3 % even after 8 cycles. Additionally, the fuel properties of the produced biodiesel complied with ASTM and EN standards, highlighting the catalyst's significant potential for industrial applications.

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利用牡蛎壳衍生的超顺磁性酸碱双功能生物炭从废食用油中可持续生产生物柴油

本研究评估了由牡蛎壳合成的磁性酸碱双功能纳米催化剂CaO-Fe2O3基生物炭（CaO-Fe2O3/BC）在废食用油（WCO）转化为生物柴油中的催化潜力。该研究旨在减少废物的产生，减少化石燃料消耗对环境的影响，从而促进能源的可持续利用。采用多种表征技术对催化剂的性能进行了综合分析，同时考察了催化剂负载、醇油摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间等实验变量对酯交换反应的影响。此外，利用响应面法优化并提高了酯交换过程的效率。N2物理吸附实验表明，该催化剂具有较高的比表面积（48.82 m2 g−1）和孔径（19.26 nm），比传统的CaO催化剂（2.643 m2 g−1和9.385 nm）更适合酯交换反应。在65℃、4 wt%催化剂负载、甲醇油摩尔比为17:1、反应时间为2.5 h的优化条件下，生物柴油得率为95.6% %。响应面法（RSM）确定了最佳条件：4.30 wt%催化剂负载，17.60醇油摩尔比，66.50°C, 2.65 h，得到96.8% %生物柴油。CaO-Fe2O3/BC的磁性强度为14.26 emu g−1，可通过磁滤回收。进一步分析了CaO-Fe2O3/ bc催化酯交换反应的机理，并对催化剂的可重复性进行了评价。CaO-Fe2O3/BC表现出令人满意的稳定性和可重复使用性，即使在8次循环后，生物柴油的产率仍保持在72.3 %。此外，生产的生物柴油的燃料性能符合ASTM和EN标准，突出了催化剂在工业应用中的巨大潜力。

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来源期刊

Process Safety and Environmental Protection 环境科学-工程：化工

CiteScore

11.40

自引率

15.40%

发文量

929

审稿时长

8.0 months

期刊介绍： The Process Safety and Environmental Protection (PSEP) journal is a leading international publication that focuses on the publication of high-quality, original research papers in the field of engineering, specifically those related to the safety of industrial processes and environmental protection. The journal encourages submissions that present new developments in safety and environmental aspects, particularly those that show how research findings can be applied in process engineering design and practice. PSEP is particularly interested in research that brings fresh perspectives to established engineering principles, identifies unsolved problems, or suggests directions for future research. The journal also values contributions that push the boundaries of traditional engineering and welcomes multidisciplinary papers. PSEP's articles are abstracted and indexed by a range of databases and services, which helps to ensure that the journal's research is accessible and recognized in the academic and professional communities. These databases include ANTE, Chemical Abstracts, Chemical Hazards in Industry, Current Contents, Elsevier Engineering Information database, Pascal Francis, Web of Science, Scopus, Engineering Information Database EnCompass LIT (Elsevier), and INSPEC. This wide coverage facilitates the dissemination of the journal's content to a global audience interested in process safety and environmental engineering.