Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Vary in Their Behavior and Virulence in Response to Cardiac Glycosides Within and Around Insect Hosts.

IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Journal of Chemical Ecology Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI:10.1007/s10886-025-01563-9
Perla Achi, Preston Christensen, Victoria Iglesias, Cullen McCarthy, Robert Pena, Lanie Bavier, Connor Goldy, Anurag A Agrawal, Simon C Groen, Adler R Dillman
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Abstract

Plants produce defensive toxins to deter herbivores. In response, some specialized herbivores evolved resistance and even the capacity to sequester toxins, affecting interactions at higher trophic levels. Here, we test the hypothesis that potential natural enemies of specialized herbivores are differentially affected by plant toxins depending on their level of adaptation to the plant-herbivore system. We focus on toxic cardiac glycosides (CGs) from milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), which inhibit animal Na+/K+-ATPases, and two CG-resistant insects, the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus and a CRISPR-edited Drosophila melanogaster. Both have CG-resistant Na+/K+-ATPases through a set of key amino acid substitutions, which facilitate CG sequestration. We conducted infection experiments with entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and S. hermaphroditum) as natural enemies on host insects containing mixtures of milkweed-derived CGs or purified CGs (ouabain, digoxin, and digitoxin) that vary in toxicity. The nematode S. carpocapsae is known to occur in soil near milkweed plants and naturally has several of the same Na+/K+-ATPase substitutions as the milkweed bug O. fasciatus and our Drosophila mutant. This nematode not only exhibited higher fecundity in hosts that carried CGs relative to the other nematode species (which have sensitive Na+/K+-ATPases), but also showed attraction to mixtures of CGs in milkweed root extracts and to purified ouabain when tested on agar plates. A coiling phenotype, which is a symptom of neurotoxicity, was observed more frequently in S. feltiae and S. hermaphroditum upon exposure to milkweed root extracts than in S. carpocapsae. Nematode behavior was further tested in sand, and while attraction to CGs was found for S. carpocapsae, nematodes of the other species tended to migrate away from milkweed root chemicals. Thus, S. carpocapsae can tolerate CGs and may use these as chemical cues to locate insect hosts that live on or around milkweed plants.

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来源期刊
Journal of Chemical Ecology
Journal of Chemical Ecology 环境科学-生化与分子生物学
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
4.30%
发文量
58
审稿时长
4 months
期刊介绍: Journal of Chemical Ecology is devoted to promoting an ecological understanding of the origin, function, and significance of natural chemicals that mediate interactions within and between organisms. Such relationships, often adaptively important, comprise the oldest of communication systems in terrestrial and aquatic environments. With recent advances in methodology for elucidating structures of the chemical compounds involved, a strong interdisciplinary association has developed between chemists and biologists which should accelerate understanding of these interactions in nature. Scientific contributions, including review articles, are welcome from either members or nonmembers of the International Society of Chemical Ecology. Manuscripts must be in English and may include original research in biological and/or chemical aspects of chemical ecology. They may include substantive observations of interactions in nature, the elucidation of the chemical compounds involved, the mechanisms of their production and reception, and the translation of such basic information into survey and control protocols. Sufficient biological and chemical detail should be given to substantiate conclusions and to permit results to be evaluated and reproduced.
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Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Vary in Their Behavior and Virulence in Response to Cardiac Glycosides Within and Around Insect Hosts. Host Plant Odour and Sex Pheromone are Integral to Mate Finding in Codling Moth. Shared Pheromone Compounds in Neotropical Rice Stink Bugs: The Role of Zingiberenol and Sesquipiperitol. Proteomic Variation in the Oral Secretion of Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera littoralis Larvae in Response to Different food Sources. Structure-Function Analysis of Volatile (Z)-3-Fatty Alcohols in Tomato.
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