Exploring the progressive change in transformation and toxicity of polycyclic dyes during aerobic biodegradation

Abstract

Structure-activity models can rapidly assess the biodegradability and toxicity of dye. However, these properties dynamically change during biodegradation due to byproduct formation. In this study, the aerobic biodegradation of common polycyclic dyes (PDs) and their precursors, including anthraquinone dyes, triarylmethane dyes, azo dyes, substituted naphthalene, and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was studied. We used combined in vivo and silico approaches to analyze their biodegradation kinetics and toxicity evolution. Most compounds were rapidly degraded within 6–8 h, with substituted naphthalene exhibiting the highest median maximum degradation rate (k_max = 0.278 h^-1). Our molecular dynamics simulations quantified the binding energies between compounds and oxidoreductases (-20.27 ± 2.61 to -53.24 ± 3.57 kcal/mol), revealing that stronger binding interactions correlated with lower k_max values. Furthermore, we developed a novel toxicity assessment method using the inhibition/TOC (I/TOC) ratio, revealing increased toxicity post-biodegradation for most compounds. Triarylmethane dyes exhibited significantly higher median I/TOC values (p < 0.05). HPLC-TOF-MS analysis identified 18 major transformation products. Toxicity estimation software tool (T.E.S.T) predictions confirmed that the transformation products exhibited higher toxicity than parent compounds. Our integrated analytical approach, combining experimental biodegradation kinetics, molecular simulation, and toxicity evolution, provides crucial insights for evaluating and managing environmental risks of emerging pollutants during wastewater treatment.