Neural rhythm processing predicts later executive functions and self-regulation in early adolescence

Abstract

Self-regulation is a multifaceted construct central to mental health and real-world outcomes. Rhythm-based training experience seems to enhance children's self-regulation. However, whether rhythm ability is directly related to self-regulation remains unknown. We investigated how rhythm processing relates to multifaceted self-regulation as indexed by behavioral executive function tasks, fluid intelligence, self-report questionnaires, heart rate variability (HRV), and a real-world outcome (mobile phone addiction index, MPAI). We assessed neural (mismatch negativity, MMN) and behavioral beat perception in 53 typically developing 10- to 12-year-old children and examined self-regulation measures two years later. The results showed that MMN predicted HRV, executive functions (updating and shifting), and self-control, whereas behavioral beat perception predicted executive functions (updating and shifting) and fluid intelligence. Furthermore, MMN predicted fluid intelligence and MPAI through the mediating effects of executive functions (updating and shifting) and self-control, respectively. These findings suggest that individual differences in neural rhythm processing may serve as potential indicators of multiple aspects of self-regulation.