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The Golden Mean Inventory: A new approach to studying character strengths imbalances across contexts 黄金分割量表:研究不同背景下性格力量失衡的新方法
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112951
Robert E. McGrath , Ryan M. Niemiec , Bina Westrich
We introduce a new instrument called the Golden Mean Inventory (GMI). Founded on the proposition that the evaluation of deficiencies or excesses in the use of character strengths represents an important extension of the understanding and applied use of character strength concepts, the GMI was developed as a 72-item instrument addressing what has been called underuse/‌optimal use/‌overuse in each of the 24 VIA character strengths in three contexts: work/‌school, relationships, and goal pursuit. Four a priori hypotheses were largely supported. Relationships with demographic variables were generally negligible. The GMI potentially detects both positive and problematic strengths use, idiographic patterns of strengths use, and context-specific patterns of strengths use. The evidence provided here raises important questions about whether high scores on measures of positive functioning combine individuals who are operating in a highly effective manner with others who are demonstrating “too much of a good thing.”
我们介绍一种名为 "黄金分割量表"(GMI)的新工具。评估性格优势使用的不足或过度是对性格优势概念的理解和应用的重要延伸,基于这一主张,我们开发了金中线量表,该量表共有 72 个项目,分别针对工作/学业、人际关系和目标追求这三种情境中的 24 种 VIA 性格优势中每一种优势的使用不足/最佳使用/过度情况。四项先验假设基本得到支持。与人口统计学变量的关系一般可以忽略不计。GMI 可以检测出积极的和有问题的特长使用情况、特长使用的成因模式以及特长使用的特定情境模式。这里提供的证据提出了一些重要问题,即在积极功能测量中获得高分的人是否将以高效方式工作的人与其他表现出 "好东西太多 "的人结合在一起。
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引用次数: 0
ISSID Pages ISSID 页面
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(24)00420-3
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引用次数: 0
Inside Front Cover - Ed. Board, Aims and Scope, Copyright, Publication information, Orders and Claims, Advertising information, Author inquiries, Permissions, Funding body, Permanence of paper, Impressum (German titles only) and GFA link in double column 封面内页 - 编辑董事会、目标和范围、版权、出版信息、订单和索赔、广告信息、作者查询、许可、资助机构、论文永久保存、Impressum(仅限德文标题)以及双栏中的 GFA 链接
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(24)00419-7
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引用次数: 0
The number of exceptional people: Fewer than 85 per 1 million across key traits 杰出人才的数量:关键特征方面每 100 万人中不到 85 人
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112955
Gilles E. Gignac
Cognitive biases can lead to overestimating the expected prevalence of exceptional multi-talented candidates, leading to potential dissatisfaction in recruitment contexts. This study aims to accurately estimate the odds of finding individuals who excel across multiple correlated dimensions. According to the literature, the three key individual differences variables are intelligence, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. Consequently, data were simulated using a multivariate normal distribution (N = 20 million), where the three variables were standardized (mean of 0 and SD of 1). The correlations were specified as: intelligence with conscientiousness (−0.03), intelligence with emotional stability (0.07), and conscientiousness with emotional stability (0.42). Cases were classified into four categories based on z-scores across the three dimensions: notable (≥ 0.0 SD), remarkable (≥ 1.0 SD), exceptional (≥ 2.0 SD), and profoundly exceptional (≥ 3.0 SD). Approximately 16% of cases were classified as notable, 1% as remarkable, and only 0.0085% met the exceptional criterion of 2 SDs above the mean. Just one case was identified as profoundly exceptional. These findings highlight the rarity of individuals excelling across multiple traits, suggesting a need to recalibrate recruitment expectations. Even moderately above-average individuals on these key dimensions may merit greater recognition due to their scarcity.
认知偏差会导致高估多才多艺的优秀应聘者的预期普遍性,从而在招聘中造成潜在的不满意。本研究旨在准确估计找到在多个相关维度上表现出色的个人的几率。根据文献,三个关键的个体差异变量是智力、自觉性和情绪稳定性。因此,我们使用多元正态分布(N = 2 000 万)对数据进行了模拟,并对三个变量进行了标准化(均值为 0,SD 为 1)。相关系数分别为:智力与自觉性(-0.03)、智力与情绪稳定性(0.07)、自觉性与情绪稳定性(0.42)。根据三个维度的 Z 值,将病例分为四类:显著(≥ 0.0 SD)、非凡(≥ 1.0 SD)、卓越(≥ 2.0 SD)和极度卓越(≥ 3.0 SD)。约 16% 的病例被归类为值得注意,1% 的病例被归类为显著,只有 0.0085% 的病例符合高于平均值 2 SD 的特殊标准。只有一个病例被认定为极度异常。这些发现凸显了在多个特质方面表现出色的个体的罕见性,表明有必要重新调整招聘期望值。由于稀缺性,即使是在这些关键维度上略高于平均水平的个人,也可能值得更多认可。
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引用次数: 0
Priming moral self-ambivalence facilitates cognitive flexibility in young adults 道德上的自我矛盾引物有助于提高青少年的认知灵活性
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112948
Jiwen Li, Tengfei Du, Jianchao Tang, Juan Yang
Some evidence has indicated that ambivalent attitudes can influence cognitive processes, leading to increased cognitive flexibility. It is unknown whether self-ambivalence, the simultaneous holding of conflicting self-views, would affect cognitive flexibility. The present research investigated the influence of sub-dimensions of self-ambivalence, including self-worth and moral ambivalence, on cognitive flexibility in young adults. Given that prior research links ambivalence with increased top-down attention, which is thought to promote mental shifting abilities, this study hypothesized that self-ambivalence would promote cognitive flexibility. In Study 1, participants completed the Self-Ambivalence Measure (SAM) questionnaire and the number-letter switching task. Results revealed a significant negative correlation between moral ambivalence and switching costs (RT), while self-worth ambivalence showed no significant correlation with switching costs. Study 2 examined the causal relationship between self-ambivalence and cognitive flexibility by manipulating self-worth and moral ambivalence. Results showed that only moral ambivalence priming reduced switching costs, while self-worth ambivalence priming had no significant effect in studies 2a and 2b. The study found a facilitating effect of moral ambivalence, while there was no significant effect of self-worth ambivalence, which may be because morality is one of the core components of self-concept and that conflict triggers negative emotions as well as deeper cognitive processing.
一些证据表明,矛盾的态度可以影响认知过程,从而提高认知灵活性。而自我矛盾,即同时持有相互冲突的自我观点,是否会影响认知灵活性,目前还不得而知。本研究调查了自我矛盾的子维度(包括自我价值和道德矛盾)对青少年认知灵活性的影响。鉴于之前的研究将矛盾心理与自上而下注意力的增加联系起来,而自上而下注意力的增加被认为会促进思维转换能力,因此本研究假设自我矛盾心理会促进认知灵活性。在研究 1 中,参与者完成了自我矛盾测量(SAM)问卷和数字字母转换任务。结果显示,道德矛盾心理与转换成本(RT)呈显著负相关,而自我价值矛盾心理与转换成本无显著相关。研究 2 通过操纵自我价值感和道德矛盾感,考察了自我矛盾感与认知灵活性之间的因果关系。结果显示,在研究 2a 和研究 2b 中,只有道德矛盾心理引物降低了转换成本,而自我价值矛盾心理引物则没有显著影响。研究发现,道德矛盾心理具有促进作用,而自我价值矛盾心理没有显著影响,这可能是因为道德是自我概念的核心组成部分之一,冲突会引发负面情绪以及更深层次的认知加工。
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引用次数: 0
Emotional and physical pathways to sexual satisfaction and problematic sexual behaviour in dating, monogamous and non-monogamous relationships 约会、一夫一妻制和非一夫一妻制关系中性满足和问题性行为的情感和生理途径
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112949
Federica Ambrosini, Roberta Biolcati

Background

Sexuality significantly impacts well-being. Trait Emotional Intelligence (EI) has been increasingly recognized as a crucial factor in promoting psychological well-being and higher-quality relationships. However, the potential of trait EI as a protective factor in sexuality remains understudied. This study aimed to 1) investigate a model where trait EI influences insecure attachments, which are hypothesized to be negatively linked with comfort with interpersonal touch and body appreciation, subsequently predicting higher sexual satisfaction and lower problematic sexual behaviour (PSB); and 2) explore the model's replicability across different types of relationships.

Methods

672 Italian adults in monogamous, non-monogamous and dating relationships (71.4 % females) aged 18–77 (M = 34.6; SD = 12.2) completed an anonymous online survey. Path analysis and multi-group analysis were conducted.

Results

Trait EI indirectly predicted sexual satisfaction through attachment avoidance and comfort with interpersonal touch. It also indirectly predicted PSB through attachment avoidance and anxiety. Multigroup analysis revealed that, only in the dating group, trait EI predicted PSB through attachment anxiety and comfort with interpersonal touch.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the importance of trait EI in mitigating negative emotions linked to insecure attachments, reducing the risk of PSB, and improving overall sexual satisfaction.
背景性行为对幸福感有重大影响。人们越来越认识到,特质情商(EI)是促进心理健康和更高质量人际关系的关键因素。然而,特质情商作为性保护因素的潜力仍未得到充分研究。本研究旨在:1)研究特质EI影响不安全依恋的模型,假设不安全依恋与人际接触舒适度和身体欣赏呈负相关,从而预测较高的性满意度和较低的问题性行为(PSB);2)探索该模型在不同类型关系中的可复制性。方法:672名年龄在18-77岁(男=34.6;女=12.2)的一夫一妻制、非一夫一妻制和约会关系中的意大利成年人(71.4%为女性)完成了一项匿名在线调查。结果特质情感指数通过依恋回避和人际接触舒适度间接预测性满意度。它还通过依恋回避和焦虑间接预测了 PSB。多组分析表明,只有在约会组中,特质EI才会通过依恋焦虑和人际接触舒适度预测PSB。结论研究结果强调了特质EI在减轻与不安全依恋相关的负面情绪、降低PSB风险和提高整体性满意度方面的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Psychometric properties of the Icelandic version of HEXACO-60: Cognitive interviews and confirmatory factor analysis 冰岛版 HEXACO-60 的心理计量特性:认知访谈和确认性因素分析
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112945
Adalheidur Magnusdottir , Haukur Freyr Gylfason , Kari Kristinsson , Vaka Vésteinsdóttir
HEXACO Personality Inventory (HEXACO-PI) is an instrument that assesses the six major dimensions of personality, honesty-humility (H), emotionality (E), extraversion (X), agreeableness (A), conscientiousness (C) and openness to experience (O). The aim of this research was to examine the structure of the 60 item Icelandic version of HEXACO (HEXACO-60-IS). In Study I (N = 40) cognitive interviews were used to categorize items into themes depending on the issues that arose during interviews. A total of 17 items were changed and the answer options revised. In Study II (N = 375) the revised HEXACO-60-IS was administered to a probability-based panel and data analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis. Results showed good reliability but a relatively high correlation between several factors. The factor structure was not satisfactory, as six items had low factor loadings across factors. In Study III (N = 501) the revised HEXACO-60-IS was administered to undergraduate students at the University of Iceland. Results showed good reliability and a moderately low correlation between factors. The factor structure was mostly satisfactory, with three items having a low loading. Overall, the results indicate that there are still prevalent issues that need addressing and that greater attention must be given to the composition of samples.
HEXACO 人格量表(HEXACO-PI)是一种评估人格六大维度的工具,即诚实-谦逊(H)、情绪化(E)、外向性(X)、合群性(A)、自觉性(C)和经验开放性(O)。本研究旨在考察冰岛语版 HEXACO(HEXACO-60-IS)60 个项目的结构。研究 I(N = 40)采用认知访谈法,根据访谈中出现的问题将项目归类为主题。共修改了 17 个项目,并修订了答案选项。在研究 II(N = 375)中,修订后的 HEXACO-60-IS 由一个基于概率的小组进行施测,并通过确认性因素分析对数据进行了分析。结果显示信度良好,但几个因子之间的相关性相对较高。因子结构并不令人满意,因为有六个项目的跨因子载荷较低。研究 III(N = 501)对冰岛大学的本科生进行了修订后的 HEXACO-60-IS 测评。结果显示信度良好,各因子之间的相关性中等偏低。因子结构基本令人满意,有三个项目的载荷较低。总体而言,结果表明仍有一些普遍问题需要解决,必须更加关注样本的构成。
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引用次数: 0
The dynamics from reactive aggression to proactive aggression among adolescents: A multilevel chain mediating model 青少年从被动攻击到主动攻击的动态变化:多层次链式中介模型
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112950
Dan Chen, Hongmei Sun
Reactive aggression and proactive aggression have long been growing public concerns and are two phenomena associated with each other. The magnitude of reactive aggression at baseline can predict the likelihood of subsequent proactive aggression. Yet, the potential motivation mechanisms of the relationship between reactive and proactive aggression remain little understood, especially through experimental research. To address this research limitation, the experimental design employed competitive reaction time tasks and reward-interference tasks to manipulate reactive aggression and positive outcome expectancy in a sample of 125 adolescents (Mage = 16.06; SD = 0.67; 50 % girls). Using repeated measures variance analysis, we found that compared to those in the low reactive aggression group, participants with high reactive aggression later showed higher proactive aggression aimed at the same monetary rewards. Furthermore, participants in the high positive outcome expectancy group also displayed higher proactive aggression, compared to those in the low and medium groups. Thereby, through multilevel mediation analysis, we confirmed robust relationships between reactive and proactive aggression mediated by positive outcome expectancy and moral disengagement. This study suggests that intervention programs should target the reduction of positive outcome expectancy and moral disengagement.
长期以来,反应性攻击和主动性攻击一直是公众日益关注的问题,也是两种相互关联的现象。基线时反应性攻击的程度可以预测随后主动攻击的可能性。然而,人们对反应性攻击和主动性攻击之间关系的潜在动机机制仍然知之甚少,尤其是通过实验研究。为了解决这一研究局限性,我们在实验设计中采用了竞争性反应时间任务和奖励干扰任务来操纵反应性攻击和积极结果预期,研究对象为 125 名青少年(年龄 = 16.06;标准差 = 0.67;50% 为女生)。通过重复测量方差分析,我们发现,与低反应性攻击行为组的参与者相比,高反应性攻击行为组的参与者后来表现出更高的主动性攻击行为,目的是获得相同的金钱奖励。此外,与低度和中度组的参与者相比,高度积极结果预期组的参与者也表现出更高的主动攻击性。因此,通过多层次中介分析,我们证实了反应性攻击和主动性攻击之间由积极结果预期和道德脱离所中介的稳健关系。这项研究表明,干预计划应以降低积极结果预期和道德脱离为目标。
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引用次数: 0
Testing the directional relationship between social network site use and materialistic values 测试社交网站使用与物质价值观之间的定向关系
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112947
Qing Yang , Xinhui Qiu , Yicheng Wang
The prevalence of social networking sites (SNSs) enables individuals to access materialistic-related information more easily, potentially reinforcing identification with materialistic behaviors and thus increasing the likelihood of strengthening materialistic values. Simultaneously, materialists may regard SNSs as an effective avenue that can assist them in obtaining material satisfaction and happiness. Based on this, we conducted a two-wave longitudinal survey over one year on young SNS users to examine the direction of this relationship between SNS use and materialistic values. The results of the cross-lagged panel model indicated that the intensity of SNS use in the prior wave was a stable positive predictor of materialistic values in the subsequent wave. Conversely, materialistic values have a positive but unstable longitudinal predictive effect on the intensity of SNS use, which may be attributable to the interference of covariates. Our study explores the longitudinal relationship between SNS use and materialistic values. It provides valuable insights that may deepen our comprehension of the role played by SNS in shaping materialistic values among the younger generation, which might further assist users in cultivating healthier values and effectively navigating the digital world.
社交网站(SNS)的普及使人们能够更容易地获取与物质相关的信息,这可能会加强人们对物质主义行为的认同,从而增加强化物质主义价值观的可能性。同时,物质主义者可能会将 SNS 视为帮助他们获得物质满足和幸福的有效途径。在此基础上,我们对 SNS 的年轻用户进行了为期一年的两波纵向调查,以研究 SNS 使用与物质主义价值观之间的关系走向。交叉滞后面板模型的结果表明,前一波的 SNS 使用强度对后一波的物质价值观具有稳定的正向预测作用。相反,物质价值观对 SNS 使用强度的纵向预测作用为正但不稳定,这可能是由于协变量的干扰。我们的研究探讨了 SNS 使用与物质主义价值观之间的纵向关系。它提供了宝贵的见解,可以加深我们对 SNS 在塑造年轻一代物质价值观方面所起作用的理解,从而进一步帮助用户培养更健康的价值观,并有效地驾驭数字世界。
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引用次数: 0
Individual differences in detecting and sharing misinformation: Positive schizotypy, conspiracy beliefs, and autism 发现和分享错误信息的个体差异:积极精神分裂症、阴谋论信念和自闭症
IF 3.5 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112946
Tom Buchanan , Katie Maras , Coral Dando
Misinformation is widespread, but only a minority of social media users actively share it. This paper considers whether three aspects of individual differences - positive schizotypy, conspiracy beliefs, and autism - differentiate those who believe in and share misinformation, from those who do not. Study 1 (N = 451) considered the effects of these variables on veracity discernment (i.e., the ability to differentiate true and false information). Higher levels of positive schizotypy and conspiracy beliefs were independently associated with poorer veracity discernment. Secondary analyses suggested that the effect of positive schizotypy might operate through reliance on intuitive rather than reflective thought, while the effect of conspiracy beliefs might arise from higher levels of gullibility. While autism did not generally affect veracity discernment, moderation analysis suggested that it improved veracity discernment among individuals high in positive schizotypy. Paradoxically however, autistic individuals were more likely to report having shared false political information in the past. Study 2 (N = 676) compared data from a new sample of autistic individuals with a sample from previous research. Again, autistic individuals were more likely to report having shared false political information, but did not differ in performance on a veracity discernment task.
错误信息很普遍,但只有少数社交媒体用户会主动分享这些信息。本文探讨了个体差异的三个方面--积极精神分裂症、阴谋论信念和自闭症--是否会将那些相信和分享错误信息的人与那些不相信和不分享错误信息的人区分开来。研究 1(N = 451)考虑了这些变量对真实性辨别力(即区分真假信息的能力)的影响。阳性精神分裂症和阴谋论信念水平越高,其辨别真实性的能力越差。辅助分析表明,正性精神分裂症的影响可能是通过依赖直觉而非反思来实现的,而阴谋论信念的影响可能是由于较高的轻信水平造成的。虽然自闭症一般不会影响真实性辨别力,但调节分析表明,自闭症会提高正性精神分裂症患者的真实性辨别力。然而矛盾的是,自闭症患者更有可能报告过去曾分享过虚假的政治信息。研究 2(N = 676)比较了自闭症患者的新样本数据和以往研究的样本数据。同样,自闭症患者更有可能报告曾分享过虚假政治信息,但在真实性辨别任务中的表现却没有差异。
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引用次数: 0
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Personality and Individual Differences
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