Personality and Individual Differences最新文献

Ambition as a doubled-edged sword: Career success and unethical behavior 野心是把双刃剑：事业成功与不道德行为

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112942

Ambition, an individual trait that we show to be empirically distinct from the Big Five dimensions of personality, has been under theorized and researched as an important determinant of both career success and unethical behavior. We argue that the specific goals or focus of ambition, as well as the level of general ambition, are important. Study 1 used a large sample of working adults and found that general ambition and extrinsically-focused ambition were associated with a willingness to engage in political behavior and career success. Study 2 surveyed a second sample of working adults and found that extrinsic ambition was associated with an increased tendency to misrepresent qualifications when applying for a job. In Study 3, using four distinct scenarios, we found that extrinsic ambition was associated with people's willingness to engage in unethical behavior. The data make the case that ambition is an important trait useful for understanding people's careers and that there are at least two forms of ambition. Moreover, like some other personal traits such as narcissism, ambition can be a double-edged sword, associated both with career achievement and being willing to take ethical shortcuts to achieve success.

野心是一种个人特质，我们通过实证研究发现，它与人格的 "五大维度 "截然不同。野心是事业成功和不道德行为的重要决定因素，但对它的理论和研究一直不足。我们认为，野心的具体目标或重点以及一般野心的水平都很重要。研究 1 采用了大量在职成年人样本，发现一般野心和外在关注的野心与参与政治行为的意愿和事业成功相关。研究 2 调查了第二个工作成年人样本，发现外在野心与求职时虚报资历的倾向增加有关。在研究 3 中，我们使用了四种不同的情景，发现外在野心与人们从事不道德行为的意愿有关。这些数据表明，野心是一种重要的特质，有助于了解人们的职业生涯，而且野心至少有两种形式。此外，与自恋等其他一些个人特质一样，野心也可能是一把双刃剑，既与事业成就有关，也与愿意走道德捷径以获得成功有关。

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引用次数: 0

Different shades of narcissism at work: The relationships of narcissism dimensions with work-related outcomes 工作中不同程度的自恋：自恋维度与工作相关结果的关系

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112943

Although narcissism is regarded as a multidimensional construct, there is little organizational research considering its heterogeneity. The present study (N = 500; age: M = 41.78, SD = 11.29; 42.5 % female) examined whether different aspects of narcissism (narcissistic admiration, narcissistic rivalry, collective narcissism, and vulnerable narcissism) were related to a broad spectrum of organizational outcomes, reflecting the individual's heavy work investments. Narcissistic admiration constituted the strongest positive predictor of global and personal meaning of work, harmonious passion at work, and work engagement. Narcissistic rivalry emerged as the strongest positive predictor of work addiction, work-family, and family-work conflicts, and the only negative predictor of personal meaning of work and harmonious passion. Communal narcissism positively predicted personal and global meaning of work, work addiction, and work-family and family-work conflicts. Vulnerable narcissism displayed negative relationships with job engagement and positive ones – with harmonious and obsessive passions, job addiction, and work-family conflict. The findings demonstrated divergent relationship patterns of each narcissistic variant with organizational variables, which vary in potential adaptability. The results suggested that narcissistic admiration and communal narcissism might bring both maladaptive and some potentially adaptive organizational outcomes. Narcissistic rivalry and vulnerable narcissism seem to manifest themselves only unfavorably in the workplace.

尽管自恋被视为一种多维结构，但很少有组织研究考虑到其异质性。本研究（N = 500；年龄：M = 41.78，SD = 11.29；女性占 42.5%）考察了自恋的不同方面（自恋崇拜、自恋竞争、集体自恋和脆弱自恋）是否与广泛的组织结果相关，这反映了个人的大量工作投资。自恋钦佩对工作的全局和个人意义、和谐的工作激情以及工作参与度具有最强的正向预测作用。自恋竞争是对工作成瘾、工作-家庭和家庭-工作冲突最有力的正面预测因素，也是对个人工作意义和和谐激情唯一的负面预测因素。共性自恋对个人和整体工作意义、工作成瘾、工作-家庭和家庭-工作冲突有积极的预测作用。弱势自恋与工作参与度呈负相关，而与和谐激情、强迫激情、工作成瘾和工作-家庭冲突呈正相关。研究结果表明，每种自恋变体与组织变量的关系模式各不相同，这些变量的潜在适应性也各不相同。研究结果表明，自恋崇拜和共性自恋可能会带来不适应的组织结果，也可能带来一些潜在的适应性组织结果。自恋竞争和脆弱自恋似乎只在工作场所表现出不利的一面。

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引用次数: 0

The relation between adverse experiences and proactive aggression: The moderating role of emotional sensitivity 不良经历与主动攻击之间的关系：情绪敏感性的调节作用

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112944

Although adverse experiences might influence human aggressive behavior, not all individuals who experience adverse experiences will behave aggressively. Therefore, it is necessary to study the moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship. Based on the diathesis-stress model, we explored the moderating role of emotional sensitivity in the association between adverse experiences and proactive aggressive behavior. Specifically, 940 individuals completed the measures of adverse experiences (family neglect and community violence exposure), proactive aggression and emotional sensitivity. The results found that adverse experiences were significantly and positively associated with one's aggressive behaviors. Furthermore, the strength of these relationships was moderated by emotional sensitivity. Individuals with low emotional sensitivity showed weaker associations compared to those with high emotional sensitivity, suggesting the lower emotional sensitivity served as a buffer against the negative effects of adverse experiences on proactive aggressive behavior. These findings supported the diathesis-stress model and deepen our understanding of the link between adverse experiences and proactive aggression.

尽管不良经历可能会影响人类的攻击性行为，但并非所有经历过不良经历的个体都会有攻击性行为。因此，有必要研究这种关系的调节机制。我们基于 "病因-压力 "模型，探讨了情绪敏感性在不良经历与主动攻击行为之间的调节作用。具体而言，940 人完成了不良经历（家庭忽视和社区暴力暴露）、主动攻击行为和情绪敏感性的测量。结果发现，不良经历与个人的攻击行为有显著的正相关关系。此外，这些关系的强度受情绪敏感性的调节。与情绪敏感度高的人相比，情绪敏感度低的人的相关性较弱，这表明情绪敏感度低的人可以缓冲不良经历对主动攻击行为的负面影响。这些研究结果支持了 "压力模式"，并加深了我们对不良经历与主动攻击行为之间联系的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Religious perfectionism, spiritual struggles, and sense of community: Associations with depression among ultra-Orthodox Jews 宗教完美主义、精神挣扎和群体意识：极端东正教犹太人抑郁的相关性

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112936

The relatively new concept of religious perfectionism is important for understanding individual differences in psychological well-being among religious people. However, it has not been examined within the ultra-Orthodox Jewish population. This cross-sectional study investigates the effects of the two facets of religious perfectionism—zealous religious dedication and religious self-criticism—along with religious and spiritual struggles and sense of community on depression, assessing the unique contribution of each factor among ultra-Orthodox Jews. Participants were 201 ultra-Orthodox Jews living in Israel, and the variables were assessed through self-report measures. The findings revealed that depression was negatively associated with zealous religious dedication and sense of community, while positively associated with religious self-criticism and religious and spiritual struggles. Additionally, religious self-criticism was linked to religious and spiritual struggles. In a multiple regression analysis, religious and spiritual struggles emerged as a strong predictor of depression, potentially overshadowing the contributions of other personal and social factors in understanding the mental well-being of ultra-Orthodox individuals. Further research is needed to explore how psycho-social-cultural factors interact to influence the mental well-being of this population.

宗教完美主义是一个相对较新的概念，对于了解宗教人士在心理健康方面的个体差异非常重要。然而，在极端东正教犹太人群中还没有对这一概念进行过研究。这项横断面研究调查了宗教完美主义的两个方面--狂热的宗教献身精神和宗教自我批评--以及宗教和精神斗争和社区感对抑郁症的影响，评估了每个因素在极端东正教犹太人中的独特作用。研究对象是居住在以色列的 201 名极端东正教犹太人，变量通过自我报告的方式进行评估。研究结果表明，抑郁与热心的宗教奉献精神和社区意识呈负相关，而与宗教自我批评和宗教及精神斗争呈正相关。此外，宗教自我批判也与宗教和精神斗争有关。在多元回归分析中，宗教和精神斗争成为抑郁症的一个强有力的预测因素，有可能掩盖其他个人和社会因素对了解极端东正教徒心理健康的贡献。需要进一步开展研究，探索心理-社会-文化因素如何相互作用，影响这一人群的心理健康。

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引用次数: 0

Depressive symptoms and violence perpetration: Examining the moderating influence of reward sensitivity and emotional reactivity in community adults at elevated risk for violent behavior 抑郁症状与暴力行为：在暴力行为风险较高的社区成年人中研究奖赏敏感性和情绪反应性的调节作用

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112933

There is growing interest in understanding whether, and under what circumstances, depression confers risk for violence perpetration. To address these questions, we examined whether major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms correlated with violence perpetration beyond co-occurring externalizing psychopathology, and whether individual differences in reward and emotional reactivity modified depression-violence associations. In a sample of 480 community adults (M/SD_age = 32.2/10.5, 53.5 % female), lifetime MDD symptoms correlated positively with lifetime violence perpetration (e.g., assault, physical fighting) above and beyond basic demographic variables. However, this relationship became non-significant after accounting for co-occurring alcohol and substance use disorders symptoms. The link between depression and violence was also modulated by individual differences in reward sensitivity, but not emotional reactivity. Follow-up analyses indicated that MDD symptoms correlated positively with violence perpetration among individuals with blunted trait reward sensitivity, particularly those low on consummatory reward, but not individuals high on reward sensitivity. Together, these findings demonstrate the importance of considering depression symptoms and trait reward sensitivity in models of violence risk, novel insights that can inform prevention and intervention efforts.

人们越来越希望了解抑郁症是否以及在何种情况下会带来暴力犯罪风险。为了解决这些问题，我们研究了重度抑郁障碍（MDD）症状与暴力行为的相关性是否超出了共存的外化心理病理学，以及奖赏和情绪反应性方面的个体差异是否改变了抑郁与暴力行为之间的关联。在一个由 480 名社区成年人（中/小年龄 = 32.2/10.5，53.5% 为女性）组成的样本中，除基本人口统计学变量外，终生 MDD 症状与终生暴力行为（如攻击、肢体冲突）呈正相关。然而，在考虑到同时出现的酒精和药物使用障碍症状后，这种关系就变得不显著了。抑郁与暴力之间的关系还受到奖赏敏感性个体差异的调节，但不受情绪反应性的调节。后续分析表明，在特质奖赏敏感性较低的个体中，尤其是在消耗性奖赏敏感性较低的个体中，抑郁症状与暴力犯罪呈正相关，但在奖赏敏感性较高的个体中，抑郁症状与暴力犯罪不呈正相关。总之，这些研究结果表明了在暴力风险模型中考虑抑郁症状和特质奖赏敏感性的重要性，这些新见解可以为预防和干预工作提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Linking personality to gratitude in the Chinese context: The mediating role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy 在中国环境中将人格与感恩联系起来：调节情绪自我效能感的中介作用

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112941

Previous studies have demonstrated that the relationship between personality traits and emotional experience. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study examined the mediating role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy on the relationship between personality traits and gratitude. Using a cross-sectional examination, a sample of 407 adults completed measures of personality traits, regulatory emotional self-efficacy, and gratitude. Results showed that extraversion was positively related to gratitude and regulatory emotional self-efficacy, and neuroticism was negatively related to gratitude and regulatory emotional self-efficacy. Results also indicated that regulatory emotional self-efficacy mediated the association between the two personality traits (extraversion and neuroticism) and gratitude. In addition, results revealed a reciprocal relationship between regulatory emotional self-efficacy and gratitude. The present findings highlight the importance of beliefs in guiding individuals' behavior and emotional experience. Longitudinal studies and positive emotions interventions aimed at improving well-being could be implemented in the future.

以往的研究已经证明了人格特质与情绪体验之间的关系。然而，其背后的机制却大多不为人知。本研究探讨了调节性情绪自我效能感对人格特质与感恩之间关系的中介作用。通过横断面研究，407 名成人样本完成了人格特质、调节情绪自我效能感和感恩的测量。结果显示，外向性与感恩和调节情绪自我效能感呈正相关，而神经质与感恩和调节情绪自我效能感呈负相关。结果还表明，调节性情绪自我效能感在两种人格特质（外向性和神经质）与感恩之间起到了中介作用。此外，研究结果还揭示了调节性情绪自我效能感与感恩之间的相互关系。本研究结果强调了信念在指导个人行为和情绪体验方面的重要性。未来可以开展纵向研究和积极情绪干预，以改善幸福感。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of transgressing disgust-related norms in different social contexts 在不同社会背景下违反与厌恶有关的规范所产生的影响

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112937

Disgust helps navigating through an environment by avoiding potential threats. Some of these threats can be posed by other individuals, which makes disgust an important mechanism in a social context. Here, we explored how violating disgust norms influences perception of norm-transgressors. In Study 1 (N = 331), we investigated the perceived attractiveness of an individual eliciting disgust, as well as willingness to befriend them, and consider them as a potential mate. We found that disgust norms transgressors are perceived as less attractive, evoke less sexual desire, and are considered as a potential friend to a smaller degree. Study 2 (N = 367) showed sex differences in perceiving transgressors' attractiveness, with females transgressing disgust norms considered more attractive than males who made the same transgressions. Furthermore, male transgressors elicited greater disgust than female ones. We conclude that transgressing disgust norms might lead to severe social costs, such as potential exclusion from relationships and a decreased mate value, and that it might be more detrimental to men than women.

厌恶有助于通过避免潜在的威胁来适应环境。其中一些威胁可能是由其他人造成的，这使得厌恶成为社会环境中的一种重要机制。在此，我们探讨了违反厌恶规范如何影响对规范违反者的感知。在研究 1（N = 331）中，我们调查了引起反感的个体的感知吸引力，以及与之交朋友并将其视为潜在配偶的意愿。我们发现，厌恶规范违反者被认为吸引力较低，唤起的性欲较低，被视为潜在朋友的程度较低。研究 2（样本数 = 367）显示，人们对越轨者吸引力的感知存在性别差异，女性越轨者比男性越轨者更有吸引力。此外，男性越轨者比女性越轨者更容易引起反感。我们的结论是，违反恶心准则可能会导致严重的社会代价，如可能被排除在人际关系之外和降低交配价值，而且对男性的危害可能比对女性的危害更大。

引用次数: 0

No time to slow down: Time poverty predicts fast life history strategy via dissatisfaction of basic psychological needs 没有时间慢下来时间贫乏通过满足基本心理需求预测快速生活史策略

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112939

Resource scarcity was found to affect individuals' life history strategy development, but mainly from the perspective of tangible material resources. Using a three-wave longitudinal design, we investigated the link between intangible time resource scarcity (i.e., time poverty) and life history strategy, and whether basic psychological need satisfaction was the key mediator of the relationship between them. A total of 687 Chinese college students were surveyed three times during one semester with six-week intervals. Results of cross-lagged panel models suggested that high levels of perceived time poverty would lead to frustration in satisfying individuals' basic psychological needs, especially in fulfilling their competence need (rather than autonomy or relatedness), thus accelerate individuals' (fast) life history strategies. This study disentangled the differential mediating roles of different psychological needs satisfaction (i.e., autonomy, competence, relatedness) in these longitudinal associations, highlighting how intangible resource-scarce environment is linked with life history strategy. The current findings provide valuable information to inform interventions aiming to buffer the potentially detrimental effects of time poverty.

研究发现，资源稀缺会影响个体的生活史策略发展，但主要是从有形物质资源的角度来考虑的。我们采用三波纵向设计，研究了无形的时间资源稀缺（即时间贫困）与生活史策略之间的联系，以及基本心理需求满足是否是二者关系的关键中介。我们在一个学期内对 687 名中国大学生进行了三次调查，每次间隔六周。交叉滞后面板模型的结果表明，高水平的时间贫困感知会导致个体在满足基本心理需求方面的挫败感，尤其是在满足能力需求（而非自主性或亲缘性需求）方面，从而加速个体的（快速）生活史策略。本研究揭示了不同心理需求满足（即自主性、能力、相关性）在这些纵向关联中的不同中介作用，突出了无形的资源稀缺环境与生活史策略之间的联系。目前的研究结果为旨在缓冲时间贫困的潜在不利影响的干预措施提供了有价值的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Examining the connections between boredom proneness, resilience, mental well-being, and rumination 研究厌倦感、复原力、心理健康和反刍之间的联系

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112931

Boredom includes subjective experiences such as temporal stagnation, difficulty maintaining focus, and a lack of meaningful goals. Boredom is a common feeling that can strike anyone at any time. The primary goal of this research is to determine the extent to which boredom proneness, rumination, and mental wellbeing predict resilience. The study included 542 university students, 445 females and 97 males, aged 17 to 29. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics first, followed by correlation analysis. The next stage involved applying hierarchical regression analysis to the significant results. The analysis included gender and age as control variables. Following that, four models were tested, each with the concepts of boredom proneness, rumination, and mental wellbeing. The analysis revealed that boredom, rumination, and mental wellbeing accounted for 34 % of the total variance in resilience. Boredom can be alleviated by directing people away from monotonous routines and toward different interests on an intermittent basis. As a result, bored people can reduce their tendency to obsess over their thoughts, which benefits their mental health. Finally, it has the potential to assist individuals in achieving mental stability.

无聊包括主观体验，如时间停滞、难以保持注意力和缺乏有意义的目标。无聊是一种常见的感觉，任何人在任何时候都可能产生这种感觉。本研究的主要目的是确定无聊感、反刍和心理健康对复原力的预测程度。研究对象包括 542 名大学生，其中女性 445 人，男性 97 人，年龄在 17-29 岁之间。收集到的数据首先使用描述性统计进行分析，然后进行相关分析。下一阶段是对显著结果进行分层回归分析。分析将性别和年龄作为控制变量。随后，对四个模型进行了测试，每个模型都包含了厌烦倾向、反刍和心理健康的概念。分析结果显示，厌倦、反刍和心理健康占复原力总变异的 34%。通过引导人们摆脱单调的日常工作，间歇性地培养不同的兴趣，可以缓解无聊感。因此，无聊的人可以减少沉迷于自己想法的倾向，从而有益于他们的心理健康。最后，它还有可能帮助个人实现心理稳定。

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引用次数: 0

“Clothe yourselves with humility”: Humility can promote fairness "以谦卑自居"：谦逊可以促进公平

IF 3.5 2区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

Personality and Individual Differences

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112938

Humility, as a virtue and personality trait, promotes the development of other positive qualities in individuals. Across two studies, we employed economic game paradigms dictator game (DG) and ultimatum game (UG) to measure individuals' fairness behavior and explore the role of humility on fairness. The results revealed that individuals with high levels of trait humility behaved more fairly (Study 1, N = 72), and humility priming could also promote fairness behavior (Study 2, N = 60). Furthermore, humble individuals exhibited higher levels of fairness perceptions in the DG, while they adhered more closely to their internal fairness perceptions in the UG, despite there being no significant difference in fairness perceptions compared to the control group. Our findings suggest that humility promotes individuals to behave more fairly while holding higher fairness perceptions. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the value of humility, and offer a feasible pathway to promote fairness and harmony in society.

谦逊作为一种美德和人格特质，能促进个人其他积极品质的发展。在两项研究中，我们采用经济博弈范式独裁者博弈（DG）和最后通牒博弈（UG）来测量个体的公平行为，并探讨谦逊对公平的作用。结果显示，特质谦逊水平高的个体表现得更公平（研究 1，人数 = 72），谦逊引物也能促进公平行为（研究 2，人数 = 60）。此外，谦逊的个体在 DG 中表现出更高水平的公平感知，而在 UG 中，尽管与对照组相比，他们在公平感知上没有显著差异，但他们更坚持自己内心的公平感知。我们的研究结果表明，谦逊会促进个体在持有更高的公平感知的同时做出更公平的行为。这些结果有助于加深对谦逊价值的理解，并为促进社会公平与和谐提供了一条可行的途径。

引用次数: 0