Malik A. DeWindt , Kate D. Weiksnar , Steven J. Laux , Christopher C. Ferraro , Timothy G. Townsend
{"title":"A review of the suitability and performance of phosphogypsum as a material for road base and subbase construction","authors":"Malik A. DeWindt , Kate D. Weiksnar , Steven J. Laux , Christopher C. Ferraro , Timothy G. Townsend","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108120","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphogypsum (PG) use as a road base aggregate is gaining global interest as an alternative to resource-intensive stacking. Various methodologies, including utilizing PG alone, stabilizing with binders, or integrating with aggregates have been explored. This paper discusses these efforts, providing critical analysis and recommendations for PG use in road construction. Studies indicate that PG alone does not perform as an ideal road base material due to its uniform gradation, high solubility, low pH, and low bearing strengths (8–48 %) compared to traditional materials (80 %-200 %). Stabilization with cementitious materials like portland cement, fly ash, and lime can improve strengths and mitigate issues like shrinkage or swelling. Mixes with high PG content (>50 %) require additional aggregates, as cement content is typically limited to below 10 %, and several successful blends have been identified. Another approach involves incorporating common granular base materials which optimizes gradation and enhances bearing ratios to meet design specifications. Key parameters affecting material strengths include cement content, compaction, water content, and material pH. The opportunities and challenges encountered at pilot-scale studies are dated, and more research is required regarding the field behavior of modern techniques. Given evolving considerations for recyclability, expanding research on PG-amended road construction presents clear opportunities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21153,"journal":{"name":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 108120"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Resources Conservation and Recycling","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344924007109","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG) use as a road base aggregate is gaining global interest as an alternative to resource-intensive stacking. Various methodologies, including utilizing PG alone, stabilizing with binders, or integrating with aggregates have been explored. This paper discusses these efforts, providing critical analysis and recommendations for PG use in road construction. Studies indicate that PG alone does not perform as an ideal road base material due to its uniform gradation, high solubility, low pH, and low bearing strengths (8–48 %) compared to traditional materials (80 %-200 %). Stabilization with cementitious materials like portland cement, fly ash, and lime can improve strengths and mitigate issues like shrinkage or swelling. Mixes with high PG content (>50 %) require additional aggregates, as cement content is typically limited to below 10 %, and several successful blends have been identified. Another approach involves incorporating common granular base materials which optimizes gradation and enhances bearing ratios to meet design specifications. Key parameters affecting material strengths include cement content, compaction, water content, and material pH. The opportunities and challenges encountered at pilot-scale studies are dated, and more research is required regarding the field behavior of modern techniques. Given evolving considerations for recyclability, expanding research on PG-amended road construction presents clear opportunities.
期刊介绍:
The journal Resources, Conservation & Recycling welcomes contributions from research, which consider sustainable management and conservation of resources. The journal prioritizes understanding the transformation processes crucial for transitioning toward more sustainable production and consumption systems. It highlights technological, economic, institutional, and policy aspects related to specific resource management practices such as conservation, recycling, and resource substitution, as well as broader strategies like improving resource productivity and restructuring production and consumption patterns.
Contributions may address regional, national, or international scales and can range from individual resources or technologies to entire sectors or systems. Authors are encouraged to explore scientific and methodological issues alongside practical, environmental, and economic implications. However, manuscripts focusing solely on laboratory experiments without discussing their broader implications will not be considered for publication in the journal.