Advancing chemistry sustainably: From synthesis to benefits and applications of green synthesis

Abstract

Green synthesis is a method of chemical synthesis that aims to reduce the environmental impact of chemical reactions and techniques. Green synthesis techniques use plant extracts, microorganisms, or proteins as bio-capping and bio-decreasing agents and their role as bio-nanofactories for prepare biogenic nanoparticles (NPs). Green chemistry emphasizes the minimization of hazardous compounds, reduction of waste generated in conventional organic synthesis, and consideration of both production and disposal impacts. Since 2011, the adoption of green chemistry techniques has led to a 27 % reduction in chemical waste, with enhanced chemical recycling playing a significant role. Key reduction strategies include process modifications, elimination of toxic reagents, and reduction in the number of steps required in organic synthesis. Moreover, green chemistry-based sustainable synthesis and nanomaterial surface fabrication have attracted attention due to their superior catalytic properties, ease of handling, reusability, cost-effectiveness, and biocompatibility. For instance, metal NPs synthesized from plant extracts and animal waste have gained popularity as bio-reductants for various organic transformations. The pharmaceutical industry is increasingly committed to sustainable chemistry practices to produce modern medicines and improve the greenness of numerous drugs. This review will primarily examine the steps, concepts, and techniques fundamental to green chemistry.