Out-of-field dose assessment for pencil beam scanning proton radiotherapy versus photon radiotherapy for breast cancer in pregnant women

Abstract

Background and purpose

Cancer affects 1 in 1000–2000 pregnancies annually worldwide, creating challenges in balancing cancer treatment and fetal safety. This study compares out-of-field radiation doses between two treatment modalities: 6MV external photon radiotherapy (XRT) and pencil beam scanning proton-therapy (PBS-PRT) for breast cancer, including imaging, to evaluate PBS-PRT as a potential new treatment option.

Materials and methods

For breast cancer involving lymph node levels 1–4 and the intramammary lymph nodes, treatment plans were created for XRT (with Flattening Filter (FF) and FF-Free (FFF)) and PBS-PRT, prescribing 15 × 2.67 Gy(RBE). Measurements were conducted using an adapted anthropomorphic phantom representing 20- and 30-week pregnancy. Bubble detectors placed in the phantom’s abdomen assessed neutron dose from PBS-PRT, while a Farmer ion chamber was used for imaging and XRT dose.

Results

At 20 weeks, PBS-PRT including imaging delivered 22.4 mSv, reducing dose 3.4-fold versus 6FF XRT and 2.5-fold versus 6FFF XRT. At 30 weeks, the PBS-PRT dose was 25.4 mSv, resulting in 7.6-fold and 6.3-fold reductions compared to 6FF and 6FFF XRT, respectively.

Conclusions

This study presents the first one-by-one comparison between PBS-PRT and different XRT modalities for pregnant breast cancer patients with an adapted anthropomorphic phantom. PBS-PRT measurements showed that the total equivalent dose was below the 100 mSv threshold outlined in AAPM Task Group Report No. 36 for a 30-week pregnancy, even under a worst-case scenario, maintaining treatment goals. These findings support the adoption of PBS-PRT as the preferred approach for treating pregnant breast cancer patients, should radiotherapy be required.