Liposome-like encapsulation of fish oil-based self-nano emulsifying formulation for improved bioavailability

Abstract

Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are known for their significant health benefits, including cardiovascular protection, anti-inflammatory effects, and cognitive enhancement. However, the poor bioavailability of these lipophilic compounds, especially in their ethyl ester form, limits their clinical efficacy. This study aimed to develop a novel liposome-like self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDS) to enhance the bioavailability of fish oil-based EPA and DHA. A Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the formulation, assessing the impact of lecithin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol ester, and polysorbate on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. The optimized formulation exhibited significantly smaller particle sizes (100–300 nm), low PDI (0.149–0.303), and a stable zeta potential(-32.5 to -27.9 mV), potentially contributing to improved absorption and stability. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the dual nature of the formulation, displaying characteristics of both nanoemulsion and liposomal structures. Pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rats revealed a 13.2-fold and 4.7-fold increase in the bioavailability of EPA and DHA, respectively, compared to conventional fish oil. The enhanced pharmacokinetic profile suggests that this novel formulation could offer superior clinical benefits, including but not limited to managing lipid profile and hypertension, improving cognition, glycaemic control, and reducing inflammation. Avoid large doses of fish oil to achieve the benefits mentioned above. Thus, further clinical investigations could highlight the potential clinical benefits of the formulation.