Early-age efferocytosis directs macrophage arachidonic acid metabolism for tissue regeneration

Abstract

In response to organ injury in adults, macrophages often promote scarring, yet during early life, they are required for tissue regeneration. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying age-associated regeneration, we compared the macrophage injury response in newborn versus adult hearts. Single-cell analysis revealed an accumulation of tissue-resident macrophages in neonates that were selectively polarized for apoptotic cell recognition and uptake (efferocytosis). Ablation of the apoptotic cell recognition receptor Mertk in newborns prevented cardiac regeneration. These findings could be attributed to reprogramming of macrophage gene expression that was required for biosynthesis of the eicosanoid thromboxane A₂, which unexpectedly activated parenchymal cell proliferation. Markers of thromboxane A₂ production were suppressed in adult macrophages after efferocytosis. Moreover, macrophage-neighboring neonatal cardiomyocytes expressed the thromboxane A₂ receptor, whose activation induced a metabolic shift that supported cellular proliferation. Our data reveal a fundamental age-defined macrophage response in which lipid mitogens produced during efferocytosis support receptor-mediated tissue regeneration.