Technology-enhanced content and language integrated learning: A systematic review of empirical studies

Abstract

Content and language integrated learning (CLIL), i.e., learning subject content in a non-native language, has been widely promoted as an innovative way of teaching English as a foreign language. More recently, technology is integrated in CLIL programs. In view of the growing number of studies on technology-enhanced CLIL (TECLIL) and the limitations of previous reviews in this field, this paper presents a systematic review of empirical studies on TECLIL. Based on the findings from 20 articles published in Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals (2014–2023), this review summarizes the key characteristics of the empirical studies on TECLIL, the types of technology applied in TECLIL programs, the learning outcomes reported in TECLIL studies, and exemplary cases demonstrating the design and implementation of TECLIL in practice. Seven types of technology applied in TECLIL programs are identified. Telecollaboration tools are the most frequently used, followed by online learning platforms, multimedia, virtual learning environments, social network applications, language tools, and intelligent conversation tools. The language skills explored in TECLIL programs focus on productive skills (e.g., speaking and writing) rather than receptive skills (e.g., listening and reading). Cognitive learning outcomes in terms of subject knowledge and language skills are commonly assessed in TECLIL studies, with less attention to affective outcomes. Overall, the use of technology has yielded a small effect (effect size = 0.29) on content knowledge acquisition, but no substantial effect (effect size = 0.16) on language achievement. Although there is a growing body of research on TECLIL, more empirical studies are needed to determine effective design of TECLIL programs and the effects of TECLIL on both cognitive and affective outcomes.