Minimizing expected loss of surplus energy in high-penetration renewable microgrids: Dynamic control of hybrid hydrogen and battery energy storage systems

Abstract

Effectively managing surplus energy in microgrids (MGs) with high renewable energy penetration is crucial for ensuring energy efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. This study addresses the challenge by implementing a hybrid energy storage system that combines battery energy storage system (BESS) with hydrogen (H2) storage. The research builds upon existing performance metrics—Loss of Surplus Energy Rate (LSER) and Expected Loss of Surplus Energy (ELSE)—to evaluate the effectiveness of energy storage systems. A dynamic control strategy is proposed to optimize the efficient use of surplus energy, prioritizing storage in the BESS, and using excess energy for hydrogen production via electrolysis. This approach aims to minimize surplus energy waste while improving overall energy efficiency. The findings reveal that focusing solely on minimizing costs, while effective in reducing expenses, a total cost of $7,104, can lead to a significant loss of surplus energy. For instance, the strategy to minimize LSER to 0.16 with a BESS capacity of 420 kW increases costs to $11,498 but improves surplus energy utilization. The results highlight the importance of considering both cost efficiency and surplus energy metrics to achieve a balanced and sustainable energy management solution.