{"title":"Thyroid function and its association with vitamin deficiencies: a case-control study in Duhok.","authors":"Larsa Naji Adam, Awat Mustafa Abbas","doi":"10.1080/17446651.2025.2469686","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hypothyroidism, characterized by insufficient thyroid hormone production, is a common endocrine disorder with significant health implications. Recent studies suggest that micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in vitamin D, vitamin B12, and ferritin, may contribute to thyroid dysfunction. This study aims to explore the relationship between hypothyroidism and these micronutrient deficiencies in a clinical setting.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>A case-control study was conducted between September and December 2024 at Public Central Health Lab., Duhok Azadi teaching Hospital, Iraq. A total of 885 participants were included, with 170 hypothyroid patients and 715 healthy controls. Serum levels of TSH, T3, T4, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and ferritin were measured. Multivariable regression analysis was used to examine the associations between thyroid function and micronutrient status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hypothyroid patients had significantly higher TSH (9.4 ± 11.5 vs. 1.8 ± 0.8 mIU/L, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and lower T4 (116.1 ± 28.6 vs. 129.2 ± 27.4 nmol/L, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) compared to controls. Vitamin B12 and ferritin levels were also lower in the hypothyroid group (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), while vitamin D showed no significant difference (<i>p</i> = 0.0524).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hypothyroidism is associated with vitamin B12 and ferritin deficiencies, highlighting the importance of micronutrient in thyroid dysfunction management. Future studies should explore autoantibodies.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>http://duhokhealth.org/en/identifier/is/25092024-8-11.</p>","PeriodicalId":12107,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"615-621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2025.2469686","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/2/21 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Background: Hypothyroidism, characterized by insufficient thyroid hormone production, is a common endocrine disorder with significant health implications. Recent studies suggest that micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in vitamin D, vitamin B12, and ferritin, may contribute to thyroid dysfunction. This study aims to explore the relationship between hypothyroidism and these micronutrient deficiencies in a clinical setting.
Research design and methods: A case-control study was conducted between September and December 2024 at Public Central Health Lab., Duhok Azadi teaching Hospital, Iraq. A total of 885 participants were included, with 170 hypothyroid patients and 715 healthy controls. Serum levels of TSH, T3, T4, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and ferritin were measured. Multivariable regression analysis was used to examine the associations between thyroid function and micronutrient status.
Results: Hypothyroid patients had significantly higher TSH (9.4 ± 11.5 vs. 1.8 ± 0.8 mIU/L, p < 0.0001) and lower T4 (116.1 ± 28.6 vs. 129.2 ± 27.4 nmol/L, p < 0.0001) compared to controls. Vitamin B12 and ferritin levels were also lower in the hypothyroid group (p < 0.0001), while vitamin D showed no significant difference (p = 0.0524).
Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is associated with vitamin B12 and ferritin deficiencies, highlighting the importance of micronutrient in thyroid dysfunction management. Future studies should explore autoantibodies.
背景：甲状腺功能减退症是一种常见的内分泌疾病，其特征是甲状腺激素分泌不足。最近的研究表明，微量营养素缺乏，特别是维生素D、维生素B12和铁蛋白，可能导致甲状腺功能障碍。本研究旨在探讨甲状腺功能减退和这些微量营养素缺乏之间的关系，在临床设置。研究设计和方法：于2024年9月至12月在公共中央卫生实验室进行病例对照研究。杜霍克·阿扎迪教学医院，伊拉克总共包括885名参与者，其中170名甲状腺功能减退患者和715名健康对照者。测定血清TSH、T3、T4、维生素D、维生素B12和铁蛋白水平。多变量回归分析用于检查甲状腺功能与微量营养素状况之间的关系。结果：甲状腺功能减退患者TSH明显增高（9.4±11.5 vs 1.8±0.8 mIU/L, p p p p = 0.0524）。结论：甲状腺功能减退与维生素B12和铁蛋白缺乏有关，强调微量营养素在甲状腺功能障碍管理中的重要性。未来的研究应探索自身抗体。临床试验注册：http://duhokhealth.org/en/identifier/is/25092024-8-11。
期刊介绍：
Implicated in a plethora of regulatory dysfunctions involving growth and development, metabolism, electrolyte balances and reproduction, endocrine disruption is one of the highest priority research topics in the world. As a result, we are now in a position to better detect, characterize and overcome the damage mediated by adverse interaction with the endocrine system. Expert Review of Endocrinology and Metabolism (ISSN 1744-6651), provides extensive coverage of state-of-the-art research and clinical advancements in the field of endocrine control and metabolism, with a focus on screening, prevention, diagnostics, existing and novel therapeutics, as well as related molecular genetics, pathophysiology and epidemiology.
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