A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and associated factors, bacterial profiles, and antibiotic susceptibility of subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Uganda

Abstract

Background

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) poses significant challenges in dairy farming due to its asymptomatic nature, leading to economic losses and food insecurity. However, the burden of SCM in Uganda remains under-researched, especially in terms of bacterial profiles and antibiotic susceptibility.

Objective

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and factors associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Uganda. The study also sought to identify the bacterial species responsible and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns.

Methods

A comprehensive search of Ugandan studies on dairy subclinical mastitis was conducted across PubMed and Google Scholar. Eligibility was assessed using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was performed using the R package to calculate pooled prevalence estimates and heterogeneity.

Results

A total of 1,073 studies were retrieved, of which five eligible studies were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Ugandan dairy cattle was 75.71 % (95 % [55.10 - 88.78] with significant heterogeneity (I² = 94.7 %). Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent bacterial pathogen, accounting for 24 % of all isolates. Resistance to commonly used antibiotics, such as penicillin and tetracycline, was observed in over 50 % of isolates.

Conclusion

SCM is prevalent in Uganda, with a dominant bacterial profile showing considerable antibiotic resistance. These findings underscore the need for improved veterinary practices, antibiotic stewardship, and enhanced surveillance.