Longitudinal Progression of Myopic Maculopathy in a Long-Term Follow-Up of a European Cohort

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the longitudinal progression of myopic maculopathy in a European cohort of highly myopic patients, analyzing the disease natural history and its impact on visual function.

Design

Retrospective, observational monocentric cohort study.

Participants

The study included 1228 eyes from 781 highly myopic patients with a minimum follow-up time of 5 years. We collected best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement, axial length (AXL), fundus photography, and spectral-domain OCT, along with data regarding intraocular pressure-lowering drugs and glaucoma surgery.

Methods

Myopic atrophic maculopathy (MAM) was graded according to the ATN classification system. The presence of myopic staphyloma followed Curtin’s classification. The development of myopic neovascular maculopathy (MNM) and myopic tractional maculopathy (MTM) was also assessed, along with the presence of dome-shaped macula (DSM) and lacquer cracks (LCs) at baseline.

Main Outcome Measures

The rate of MAM progression and visual outcomes. The secondary outcome included the correlation with the presence of staphyloma subtypes and the development of MNM and MTM.

Results

The mean AXL was 31.6 ± 2.8 mm. Myopic atrophic maculopathy progressed in 57% of eyes over a mean follow-up of 11.4 years. Eyes with patchy atrophy progressed in 81% of cases, and 47% of them developed macular atrophy, whereas eyes with tessellated fundus progressed in only 19% of cases. The presence of a macular-involving staphyloma was associated with progression, particularly for type IX (86% rate of progression). A significant decline in BCVA (≥2 lines) was observed in 35.8% of eyes and correlated with AXL, glaucoma surgery, patchy atrophy, MNM, and MTM development (all P < 0.05). Active MNM developed in 190 eyes (15%), significantly associated with baseline LCs (odds ratio [OR], 2.56) and DSM (OR, 4.95), determined faster progression toward macular atrophy (OR, 5.91). Myopic tractional maculopathy complications were observed in 314 eyes (26%) and significantly correlated with the presence of a type I and II staphyloma.

Conclusions

More than half of eyes with myopic maculopathy tended to progress, in particular in cases with patchy atrophy at baseline and in eyes developing MNM or MTM, which caused worse vision loss during the study period. Although DSM and LCs correlated with neovascular complications, the shape of the posterior staphyloma correlated with tractional complications.

Financial Disclosure(s)

The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.