Breaking the virus: Yeast glucans as an effective alternative to acyclovir in HSVI treatment

Abstract

Glucans, structural polysaccharides in the yeast cell wall, are known for their biological and immunomodulatory capacities, helping in prevention and management of infections. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSVI) is a prevalent infection that causes great comorbidity and is challenging to treat due to the adverse effects of standard antiviral drugs like acyclovir. This study assessed the potential of yeast glucans extracted from two different origins − a steviol-glycoside producing strain and a wild-type strain- to circumvent HSVI infection, either in vitro and ex vivo. Treatment with glucans in keratinocytes and macrophages in vitro reduced cell infection similarly to acyclovir. However, unlike acyclovir, glucans demonstrated an immunostimulatory effect, increasing the production of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, both glucans were formulated with squalane for skin application. This formulation improved glucans penetration in the skin, restored skin structure and reduced the cytopathic effect of HSVI infection. In summary, this study highlights yeast glucans as a natural therapeutic alternative for HSVI treatment, offering an option with an excellent safety profile. Moreover, using glucans from industrial side-streams promotes a sustainable approach, contributing to the circular economy.