Fecal Incontinence in Adults: New Therapies.

Abstract

Fecal incontinence (FI) is the involuntary and recurrent loss of stool. FI significantly affects both physical and social well-being, while imposing a substantial economic burden. The global prevalence of FI is approximately 8%. Risk factors include advanced age, diarrhea, anal sphincter damage from obstetric trauma or anorectal surgery, pelvic floor abnormalities (such as rectal prolapse), inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological conditions. Despite greater understanding of the impact of FI and advances in diagnostic techniques and treatment options, management remains inconsistent, likely because of limited awareness of available therapies. Patients often benefit from conservative treatments, including dietary modifications, fiber supplementation, antidiarrheal agents, and physical therapy, especially when these are tailored to specific symptoms and rigorously applied. Next level options include anorectal biofeedback therapy, the perianal injectable bulking agent dextranomer, or anal/vaginal barrier devices, which can be effective for patients if tolerated. Transanal irrigation may be considered for patients with neurogenic bowel and fecal retention to aid in rectal cleansing and prevent FI. Sacral neuromodulation is the preferred surgical treatment of FI. Noninvasive anal electrical and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation are not superior to placebo in controlled trials. Translumbosacral magnetic stimulation was beneficial in an uncontrolled trial; sham-controlled trials are necessary. Owing to limited long-term efficacy, anal sphincteroplasty is typically reserved for younger patients with obstetric anal sphincter defects. Colostomy is considered a last resort. Injection of autologous muscle cells into the external anal sphincter has shown promise in small uncontrolled trials, although it has not yielded significant results in most controlled trials.