Encapsulation and delivery systems based on natural biological macromolecules: Focusing on nutrients in infant formula

Abstract

Background

Infant formula (IF)'s key nutrients face significant challenges in processing, storage, digestion, and absorption. To address these, encapsulation and delivery systems based on natural biomolecules are being explored as a safer alternative to artificial materials.

Scope and approach

This paper reviews the physicochemical properties of natural biomolecules (polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids) and their role in enhancing the stability and bioavailability of nutrients in IF. And their advantages, limitations and prospects for application in IF are discussed.

Key findings and conclusions

Natural biomolecule-based systems show promise in improving the nutritional value and safety of IF. (1) Polysaccharides stabilize nutrients by forming physical barriers, engaging in covalent and non-covalent interactions, and providing antioxidant properties. They also enhance bioavailability through unique bioadhesion properties. (2) Proteins improve encapsulation efficiency and protective properties of nutrients, primarily through the action of amino acid residues. They enhance bioavailability through biorecognition of amino acid residues and the formation of mixed micelles after hydrolysis. (3) Lipids capture hydrophilic or lipophilic nutrients primarily through hydrophobic interactions, thereby enhancing their stability and bioavailability due to the system's biocompatibility. However, gastrointestinal sensitivity and allergenicity of proteins, drying and emulsification of polysaccharides, and safety, economics and industrialization of lipids still pose challenges. In addition, the development of an in vitro model of the infant gut to assess nutrient absorption is essential for the further development of the field.