Odor identification testing is inferior compared to neurocognitive testing in predicting conversion to Alzheimer's Disease

IF 1 4区医学 Q4 Neuroscience Chemosensory Perception Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI:10.1007/s12078-022-09306-w

G. Pusswald, S. Ocak, E. Stögmann, J. Lehrner

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Abstract

Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, thinking, attention, and emotion or AD. Smelling problems are frequent symptoms of dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether it is possible to predict if someone with anosmia or hyposmia has a higher risk of getting dementia or even AD.

Methods

This study was a retrospective longitudinal study, and the data used were part of a larger research project, the Vienna Conversion to Dementia Study. The 173 participants were divided into four groups based on cognitive features such as healthy control (HC), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Olfactory assessment and neurocognitive assessment were administered.

Results

We found that 30.5% of aMCI patients converted into AD after an average of about two years. The corresponding ROC analyses for olfactory testing showed that Sniffin’ Sticks revealed significant results regarding the conversion to AD, whereas the Assessment of Self-Reported Olfactory Functioning and olfaction-related quality of life (ASOF) inventory using the Subjective Olfactory Capability (SOC) subscale, the Smell-Related Problems (SRP) subscale, and the Olfaction-Related Quality of life (ORQ) did not. A logistic regression showed that among the olfactory test procedures, only the Sniffin’ Sticks enabled a relevant prognosis. Including neurocognitive measures in the model, only VSRT and the Trail Making Test-B. The other predictors did not contribute to the prediction of conversion to AD.

Conclusion

Unlike self-reporting of olfactory functioning, olfactory testing using standardized tests may have potential for predicting dementia, especially AD. However, olfactory tests have lower predictive power than neurocognitive tests such as verbal memory and divided attention tests.

Implications

Diagnostic tools for predicting dementia as accurately and early as possible are important. Olfactory assessment, compared to neurocognitive tests for verbal memory and divided attention, is inferior in predicting the prognosis of AD.

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气味识别测试在预测阿尔茨海默病转化方面不如神经认知测试

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种影响记忆、思维、注意力和情感的神经退行性疾病。嗅觉问题是痴呆症的常见症状。这项研究的目的是评估是否有可能预测嗅觉缺失或嗅觉减退的人患痴呆甚至阿尔茨海默病的风险是否更高。方法本研究是一项回顾性纵向研究，使用的数据是一个更大的研究项目的一部分，维也纳转化为痴呆症研究。173名参与者根据健康对照(HC)、主观认知衰退(SCD)、非遗忘性轻度认知障碍(naMCI)和遗忘性轻度认知障碍(aMCI)等认知特征分为四组。进行嗅觉评估和神经认知评估。结果30.5%的aMCI患者在平均约2年后转化为AD。嗅觉测试的相应ROC分析显示，嗅探棒在转化为AD方面有显著结果，而使用主观嗅觉能力(SOC)子量表、嗅觉相关问题(SRP)子量表和嗅觉相关生活质量(ORQ)的自我报告嗅觉功能评估和嗅觉相关生活质量(ASOF)量表则没有显著结果。逻辑回归显示，在嗅觉测试程序中，只有嗅探棒能够提供相关的预后。模型中包括神经认知测试，仅包括VSRT和Trail Making Test-B。其他预测因子不能预测AD的转化。结论与自我报告的嗅觉功能不同，采用标准化测试的嗅觉测试可能具有预测痴呆，特别是阿尔茨海默氏症的潜力。然而，嗅觉测试的预测能力低于言语记忆和注意力分散测试等神经认知测试。诊断工具对尽早准确地预测痴呆非常重要。与言语记忆和注意力分散的神经认知测试相比，嗅觉评估在预测阿尔茨海默病的预后方面较差。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Chemosensory Perception 农林科学-神经科学

CiteScore

2.50

自引率

0.00%

发文量

审稿时长

>36 weeks

期刊介绍： Coverage in Chemosensory Perception includes animal work with implications for human phenomena and explores the following areas: Identification of chemicals producing sensory response; Identification of sensory response associated with chemicals; Human in vivo response to chemical stimuli; Human in vitro response to chemical stimuli; Neuroimaging of chemosensory function; Neurological processing of chemoreception; Chemoreception mechanisms; Psychophysics of chemoperception; Trigeminal function; Multisensory perception; Contextual effect on chemoperception; Behavioral response to chemical stimuli; Physiological factors affecting and contributing to chemoperception; Flavor and hedonics; Memory and chemoperception.