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Odor identification testing is inferior compared to neurocognitive testing in predicting conversion to Alzheimer's Disease 气味识别测试在预测阿尔茨海默病转化方面不如神经认知测试
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09306-w
G. Pusswald, S. Ocak, E. Stögmann, J. Lehrner

Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, thinking, attention, and emotion or AD. Smelling problems are frequent symptoms of dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether it is possible to predict if someone with anosmia or hyposmia has a higher risk of getting dementia or even AD.

Methods

This study was a retrospective longitudinal study, and the data used were part of a larger research project, the Vienna Conversion to Dementia Study. The 173 participants were divided into four groups based on cognitive features such as healthy control (HC), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Olfactory assessment and neurocognitive assessment were administered.

Results

We found that 30.5% of aMCI patients converted into AD after an average of about two years. The corresponding ROC analyses for olfactory testing showed that Sniffin’ Sticks revealed significant results regarding the conversion to AD, whereas the Assessment of Self-Reported Olfactory Functioning and olfaction-related quality of life (ASOF) inventory using the Subjective Olfactory Capability (SOC) subscale, the Smell-Related Problems (SRP) subscale, and the Olfaction-Related Quality of life (ORQ) did not. A logistic regression showed that among the olfactory test procedures, only the Sniffin’ Sticks enabled a relevant prognosis. Including neurocognitive measures in the model, only VSRT and the Trail Making Test-B. The other predictors did not contribute to the prediction of conversion to AD.

Conclusion

Unlike self-reporting of olfactory functioning, olfactory testing using standardized tests may have potential for predicting dementia, especially AD. However, olfactory tests have lower predictive power than neurocognitive tests such as verbal memory and divided attention tests.

Implications

Diagnostic tools for predicting dementia as accurately and early as possible are important. Olfactory assessment, compared to neurocognitive tests for verbal memory and divided attention, is inferior in predicting the prognosis of AD.

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种影响记忆、思维、注意力和情感的神经退行性疾病。嗅觉问题是痴呆症的常见症状。这项研究的目的是评估是否有可能预测嗅觉缺失或嗅觉减退的人患痴呆甚至阿尔茨海默病的风险是否更高。方法本研究是一项回顾性纵向研究,使用的数据是一个更大的研究项目的一部分,维也纳转化为痴呆症研究。173名参与者根据健康对照(HC)、主观认知衰退(SCD)、非遗忘性轻度认知障碍(naMCI)和遗忘性轻度认知障碍(aMCI)等认知特征分为四组。进行嗅觉评估和神经认知评估。结果30.5%的aMCI患者在平均约2年后转化为AD。嗅觉测试的相应ROC分析显示,嗅探棒在转化为AD方面有显著结果,而使用主观嗅觉能力(SOC)子量表、嗅觉相关问题(SRP)子量表和嗅觉相关生活质量(ORQ)的自我报告嗅觉功能评估和嗅觉相关生活质量(ASOF)量表则没有显著结果。逻辑回归显示,在嗅觉测试程序中,只有嗅探棒能够提供相关的预后。模型中包括神经认知测试,仅包括VSRT和Trail Making Test-B。其他预测因子不能预测AD的转化。结论与自我报告的嗅觉功能不同,采用标准化测试的嗅觉测试可能具有预测痴呆,特别是阿尔茨海默氏症的潜力。然而,嗅觉测试的预测能力低于言语记忆和注意力分散测试等神经认知测试。诊断工具对尽早准确地预测痴呆非常重要。与言语记忆和注意力分散的神经认知测试相比,嗅觉评估在预测阿尔茨海默病的预后方面较差。
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引用次数: 0
Children’s Personal Significance of Olfaction — the ChiPSO Questionnaire 儿童嗅觉的个人意义- ChiPSO问卷
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2022-11-28 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09303-z
Elisabeth C. Lohrer, Annika Dworschak, Ilona Croy, Janine Gellrich, Maha Sabha, Luca Parisato, Valentin A. Schriever

Abstract

Introduction

The human sense of smell has different functions which can be categorized as “food,” “social,” and “environment.” Different questionnaires about the importance of olfaction in adults are available, but little attention has been paid to children and adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to develop a questionnaire about children’s personal significance of olfaction (ChiPSO).

Methods

The questionnaire was developed in two steps. The first questionnaire included 33 statements about the importance of olfactory information in daily life — covering three subscales “food,” “environment,” and “social” administered to 191 participants (mean age: 14.4 ± 1.7 years). The five best fitting items of each subscale were chosen for the final 15-item questionnaire. In the second part, we administered the developed questionnaire to 208 children and adolescents (mean age: 11.5 ± 3.5 years) who additionally underwent olfactory testing to investigate the association between olfactory function and questionnaire results. Participants were separated in two age groups: (i) 6–11 years (children), (ii) 12–17 years (adolescents).

Results

A significant influence of age on the total ChiPSO score and all three subscales with adolescents scoring higher than children was found. Additionally, there was a significant influence of sex in adolescents on total ChiPSO score and subscales “social” and “food” with girls scoring higher than boys.

Conclusion

We report an association between questionnaires results and olfactory performance. Additionally, olfactory information seems to be more important to adolescents compared to children and girls compared to boys.

Implications

The ChiPSO questionnaire is a practical tool to evaluate the importance of olfactory information in children and adolescents aged 6–17 years.

人类的嗅觉有不同的功能,可以分为“食物”、“社会”和“环境”。关于嗅觉在成人中的重要性有不同的调查问卷,但对儿童和青少年的关注很少。因此,我们拟编制一份儿童嗅觉的个人意义问卷(ChiPSO)。方法采用两步编制问卷。第一份问卷包括33项关于嗅觉信息在日常生活中的重要性的陈述,涵盖了“食物”、“环境”和“社会”三个分量表,共191名参与者(平均年龄:14.4±1.7岁)。每个子量表选出5个最适合的项目作为最终的15项问卷。在第二部分中,我们对208名儿童和青少年(平均年龄:11.5±3.5岁)进行了问卷调查,并对他们进行了嗅觉测试,以调查嗅觉功能与问卷结果之间的关系。参与者被分为两个年龄组:(i) 6-11岁(儿童),(ii) 12-17岁(青少年)。结果年龄对ChiPSO总分及三个分量表均有显著影响,且青少年得分高于儿童。此外,性别对青少年ChiPSO总分和“社交”、“食物”亚量表有显著影响,女孩得分高于男孩。结论我们报告了问卷调查结果与嗅觉表现之间的关联。此外,嗅觉信息似乎对青少年比儿童更重要,对女孩比男孩更重要。ChiPSO问卷是评估6-17岁儿童和青少年嗅觉信息重要性的实用工具。
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引用次数: 1
Subjective Mouthfeel and Temperature Alterations in COVID-19 Patients Six to Ten Months After Diagnosis COVID-19患者诊断后6至10个月的主观口腔感觉和体温变化
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2022-11-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09304-y
Jip M. van Elst, Sanne Boesveldt, Arjan Vissink, Harriët Jager-Wittenaar, Anna K. L. Reyners, Jacco J. de Haan

Abstract

Introduction

The characteristics and impact of mouthfeel, temperature, smell, and taste alterations in patients with COVID-19 at a long term are yet not well known. In this study, these characteristics and their impact on daily life and quality of life (QoL) were assessed, six to ten months after infection, in patients with COVID-19 searching for peer support on Facebook.

Methods

Between December 2020 and January 2021, members of two COVID-19 Facebook groups were invited to complete a questionnaire. Participants were asked to report their perception of mouthfeel, temperature, smell, and taste alterations and their impact.

Results

The questionnaire was completed by 157/216 respondents (73%), with 92% being women. Alterations in mouthfeel, temperature, smell, and taste were reported by respectively 66, 40, 148, and 133 participants. The most frequently reported mouthfeel alterations were “a different feeling” and “dry mouth” in 38 and 30 participants, respectively. Preferences for food temperature were equally changed to “freezing”, “cool”, “room temperature”, “a bit warmer”, and “warmer”. An impact on daily life and QoL was reported by most patients with alterations in mouthfeel (91% and 79%), temperature (78% and 60%), smell (98% and 93%), and taste (93% and 88%), respectively.

Conclusions

Patients with COVID-19 searching for peer support on Facebook experienced, next to smell and taste alterations, mouthfeel and temperature disturbances, six to ten months after infection. These alterations have an impact on daily life and QoL.

Implications

Health professionals should, next to smell and taste alterations, be aware of mouthfeel and temperature alterations in patients with COVID-19.

【摘要】【导语】COVID-19患者长期的口感、体温、嗅觉和味觉改变的特点及其影响尚不清楚。在这项研究中,研究人员评估了感染后6至10个月在Facebook上寻求同伴支持的COVID-19患者的这些特征及其对日常生活和生活质量(QoL)的影响。方法在2020年12月至2021年1月期间,邀请两个COVID-19 Facebook小组的成员完成一份问卷。参与者被要求报告他们对口感、温度、气味和味道变化的感觉及其影响。结果问卷完成率为157/216人(73%),其中女性92%。分别有66名、40名、148名和133名参与者报告了口感、温度、嗅觉和味觉的变化。在38名和30名参与者中,最常报告的口感变化分别是“不同的感觉”和“口干”。人们对食物温度的偏好也同样改变为“冷冻”、“凉爽”、“室温”、“稍微暖和一点”和“更暖和”。大多数患者分别报告了口腔感觉(91%和79%)、温度(78%和60%)、嗅觉(98%和93%)和味觉(93%和88%)的改变对日常生活和生活质量的影响。结论COVID-19患者在感染后6至10个月在Facebook上寻求同伴支持,其次是嗅觉和味觉改变,口感和体温紊乱。这些变化对日常生活和生活质量都有影响。除嗅觉和味觉变化外,卫生专业人员还应注意COVID-19患者的口感和体温变化。
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引用次数: 1
A Pilot Study of Self-Rated and Psychophysical Olfactory Dysfunction in Men Living with HIV 艾滋病毒感染者自评和心理物理嗅觉功能障碍的初步研究
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09305-x
Vidyulata Kamath, Victor A. Del Bene, Christopher Collette, Alexandra Jacob, Pariya L. Fazeli, David E. Vance

Background

Olfactory loss is associated with poor quality of life, malnutrition, and increased risk of depression, yet few studies have examined unawareness of olfactory dysfunction in men living with HIV (MLWH).

Method

MLWH (n = 51) completed olfaction self-ratings, psychophysical odor identification testing, cognitive measures, and questionnaires assessing smell habits, mood, cognitive failures, and quality of life. The sensitivity and specificity of olfactory self-ratings was calculated, and t-tests were used to examine factors contributing to discordance between self-rated and psychophysical olfaction dysfunction.

Results

We found that 33.3% (17 of 51 MLWH) of our sample demonstrated discordance between self-reported and psychophysical olfactory scores. Those unaware of olfaction dysfunction reported using less scented products in daily life but showed no other differences across demographic, clinical, or cognitive indices.

Conclusions

Our results cohere with prior studies of cognitively normal older adults, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson’s disease, which found that olfactory self-ratings may inadequately capture the full range of a person’s olfactory status. Our work extends these findings to MLWH, with discordance rates ranging from 35 to 61% for self-rated and psychophysical olfactory dysfunction.

Implications

Given the differing rates of self-rated and psychophysical olfaction in our sample, psychophysical olfactory measures may be useful to consider in the neuropsychological assessment and clinical care of PLWH.

嗅觉功能丧失与生活质量差、营养不良和抑郁风险增加有关,但很少有研究调查艾滋病毒感染者(MLWH)对嗅觉功能障碍的不知情。方法51名妇女完成了嗅觉自我评定、心理物理气味识别测试、认知测试和评估嗅觉习惯、情绪、认知失败和生活质量的问卷调查。计算嗅觉自评的敏感性和特异性,并采用t检验检验导致自评与心理生理嗅觉功能障碍不一致的因素。结果我们发现33.3% (51 MLWH中的17个)的样本在自我报告和心理物理嗅觉评分之间表现出不一致。那些不知道嗅觉功能障碍的人在日常生活中使用较少的气味产品,但在人口统计学、临床或认知指标上没有其他差异。结论:我们的研究结果与先前对认知正常的老年人、创伤性脑损伤和帕金森病的研究一致,这些研究发现嗅觉自我评定可能无法充分反映一个人的嗅觉状态。我们的工作将这些发现扩展到MLWH,自评和心理物理嗅觉功能障碍的不一致性从35%到61%不等。鉴于我们的样本中自评和心理物理嗅觉的不同比率,心理物理嗅觉测量可能在PLWH的神经心理学评估和临床护理中有用。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Gender and Age on Self-reported Odor Imagery Ability 性别和年龄对自述气味想象能力的影响
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09302-0
Luca Fantin, Chloé Pinzano, Cécile Rumeau, Gabriela Hossu, Hadrien Ceyte

Introduction

Odor imagery is known to be more difficult than any other modality of sensory imagery. Consequently, wide between-individuals variability can be found in odor imagery ability. Several studies have shown a positive relationship between olfactory performance and odor imagery ability. In the light of factors known to influence smelling ability, this study therefore investigated the effects of two factors — gender and age — known to influence smelling ability, on self-declared odor imagery ability in normosmic individuals.

Methods

Seven hundred and nine French participants were asked to complete the web version of the French Vividness of Olfactory Imagery Questionnaire (fVOIQ). General linear models were used to determine the contributions of gender and age to odor imagery vividness scores. Moreover, scores were compared between age intervals ranging from 18–30 years old to 60 + years old.

Results

Our findings reveal that at any age, men and women have the same odor imagery ability. Odor imagery ability in self-declared normosmic individuals improves with age until 50–60 years old, and beyond this point the often-reported age-related olfactory decay does not alter it.

Conclusions

These findings suggest a high contribution of daily olfactory experience to the development of this cognitive function, and a relationship with olfactory performance that appears less linear than hypothesized.

Implications

This study provides food for thought in the field of olfaction: it suggests that distinct mechanisms may underlie two cognitive processes, perception and sensory imagery.

众所周知,气味意象比任何其他形式的感觉意象都要困难。因此,个体之间的差异可以发现在气味意象能力。一些研究表明嗅觉表现和气味想象能力之间存在正相关关系。根据已知影响嗅觉能力的因素,本研究因此调查了两个因素-性别和年龄-已知影响嗅觉能力,对正常个体自我宣称的气味想象能力的影响。方法对779名法国参与者进行了网络版法国嗅觉意象生动度问卷调查。使用一般线性模型来确定性别和年龄对气味图像生动度评分的贡献。此外,还比较了18-30岁至60岁以上年龄组之间的得分。结果我们的研究结果表明,在任何年龄,男性和女性都具有相同的气味想象能力。在50-60岁之前,自认为正常的个体的气味想象能力随着年龄的增长而提高,超过这个年龄,通常报道的与年龄相关的嗅觉衰退不会改变它。这些发现表明,日常嗅觉体验对这种认知功能的发展有很大贡献,并且与嗅觉表现的关系似乎不像假设的那样线性。这项研究为嗅觉领域提供了思考的食物:它表明两种认知过程——知觉和感觉意象——背后可能存在不同的机制。
{"title":"Effects of Gender and Age on Self-reported Odor Imagery Ability","authors":"Luca Fantin,&nbsp;Chloé Pinzano,&nbsp;Cécile Rumeau,&nbsp;Gabriela Hossu,&nbsp;Hadrien Ceyte","doi":"10.1007/s12078-022-09302-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12078-022-09302-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Odor imagery is known to be more difficult than any other modality of sensory imagery. Consequently, wide between-individuals variability can be found in odor imagery ability. Several studies have shown a positive relationship between olfactory performance and odor imagery ability. In the light of factors known to influence smelling ability, this study therefore investigated the effects of two factors — gender and age — known to influence smelling ability, on self-declared odor imagery ability in normosmic individuals.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Seven hundred and nine French participants were asked to complete the web version of the <i>French Vividness of Olfactory Imagery Questionnaire</i> (fVOIQ). General linear models were used to determine the contributions of gender and age to odor imagery vividness scores. Moreover, scores were compared between age intervals ranging from 18–30 years old to 60 + years old.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Our findings reveal that at any age, men and women have the same odor imagery ability. Odor imagery ability in self-declared normosmic individuals improves with age until 50–60 years old, and beyond this point the often-reported age-related olfactory decay does not alter it.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings suggest a high contribution of daily olfactory experience to the development of this cognitive function, and a relationship with olfactory performance that appears less linear than hypothesized.</p><h3>Implications</h3><p>This study provides food for thought in the field of olfaction: it suggests that distinct mechanisms may underlie two cognitive processes, perception and sensory imagery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":516,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensory Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12078-022-09302-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4359949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Nasal Aerodynamics Perspective of Retronasal Olfaction: Rodents vs. Humans 鼻后嗅的鼻空气动力学视角:啮齿动物与人类
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09300-2
Kanghyun Kim, Kai Zhao

Abstract

Introduction

Odor perception can be achieved through ortho or retronasal routes, with the latter being an important component of flavor perception. There are significant olfactory differences that exist between rats and humans and by understanding the role of structural differences, further insight can be gained into the mechanism of odorant perception via ortho or retronasal routes.

Methods

3D human and rat (Sprague–Dawley) computational models were used to investigate nasal anatomy impact on ortho vs. retronasal odorant transport to the olfactory epithelium. The nasal pharynx region was modified for human and rat models to probe nasal structure impact on ortho vs. retro olfaction. Sixty-five odorant absorption rates to the olfactory epithelium were extracted from each model.

Results

The retronasal route provided higher peak odorant absorption compared to orthonasal route for human (left: 90% higher, right: 45% higher), but substantially lowered peak absorption for rat (medial: 97% lower, lateral: 75% lower). For both models, anatomical modification had minimal impact to orthonasal routes, but substantially modulated the retronasal route: decrease (left: − 41.4%, right: − 44.2%) for human, and increase to the medial (29.5%) but not to lateral (− 14.3%) for rat.

Conclusions

There exist key differences between humans and rats regarding retro/orthonasal odorant transport routes, which matched well with experimental olfactory bulb activity data in literature.

Implications

While humans have equivalent odorant delivery between routes, the difference in retro and orthonasal routes in rodents is substantial and changes to the transverse lamina above the nasopharynx can substantially modulate the retronasal route, but not enough to bridge the gap between the two routes.

【摘要】气味感知可以通过正鼻或后鼻途径实现,后鼻途径是气味感知的重要组成部分。大鼠和人类之间存在着显著的嗅觉差异,通过了解结构差异的作用,可以进一步了解通过正鼻或后鼻途径感知气味的机制。方法采用三维人与大鼠(Sprague-Dawley)计算模型,研究鼻腔解剖结构对气味向嗅上皮运输的影响。对人类和大鼠的鼻咽区域进行了修饰,以探讨鼻腔结构对矫形嗅觉和复古嗅觉的影响。从每个模型中提取65种气味对嗅上皮的吸收率。结果与正鼻途径相比,后鼻途径对人体气味的吸收峰值更高(左:高90%,右:高45%),但对大鼠的吸收峰明显降低(内侧:低97%,外侧:低75%)。在这两种模型中,解剖改变对正鼻路径的影响很小,但对后鼻路径的影响很大:人的后鼻路径减少(左:- 41.4%,右:- 44.2%),大鼠的后鼻路径增加(29.5%),但不增加(- 14.3%)。结论人与大鼠在气味的复古/正鼻运输途径上存在关键差异,这与文献中实验嗅球活动数据吻合较好。虽然人类在两种途径之间具有相同的气味传递,但啮齿类动物的逆鼻和正鼻途径的差异是巨大的,鼻咽上方横板的变化可以实质性地调节逆鼻途径,但不足以弥合两种途径之间的差距。
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引用次数: 0
Possible Role of Endocannabinoids in Olfactory and Taste Dysfunctions in COVID-19 Patients and Volumetric Changes in the Brain 内源性大麻素在COVID-19患者嗅觉和味觉功能障碍以及大脑体积变化中的可能作用
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09301-1
Zafer Ergül, Zülal Kaptan, Ayhan Kars, Gülşah Biçer, Çetin Kılınç, Emine Petekkaya, Nilay Çöplü

Introduction

COVID-19 infection develops neurologic symptoms such as smell and taste loss. We aimed to determine the volumetric changes in the brain and correlation of possible related biochemical parameters and endocannabinoid levels after COVID-19 recovery.

Methods

Brain magnetic resonance images of recovered COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers, whose olfactory and gustatory scores were obtained through a questionnaire, were taken, and the volumes of the brain regions associated with taste and smell were measured by automatic and semiautomatic methods. Endocannabinoids (EC), which are critical in the olfactory system, and vitamin B12, zinc, iron, ferritin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroxine (T4) levels, which are reported to have possible roles in olfactory disorders, were measured in peripheral blood.

Results

Taste and smell disorder scores and EC levels were found to be higher in recovered COVID-19 patients compared to controls. EC levels were negatively correlated with bilateral entorhinal cortex (ENT) volumes in the COVID-19 group. Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex volumes showed correlations with gustatory complaints and ferritin in recovered COVID-19 patients.

Conclusions

The critical finding of our study is the high EC levels and negative correlation between EC levels and left ENT volumes in recovered COVID-19 patients.

Implications

It is possible that ECs are potential neuromodulators in many conditions leading to olfactory disorders, including COVID-19.

covid -19感染会出现嗅觉和味觉丧失等神经系统症状。我们旨在确定COVID-19恢复后脑容量变化以及可能的相关生化参数与内源性大麻素水平的相关性。方法采集新冠肺炎康复患者和健康志愿者的脑磁共振图像,通过问卷调查获得嗅觉和味觉评分,并采用自动和半自动方法测量与味觉和嗅觉相关的脑区体积。测量外周血中对嗅觉系统至关重要的内源性大麻素(EC)和维生素B12、锌、铁、铁蛋白、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和甲状腺素(T4)水平,据报道,这些物质可能在嗅觉障碍中起作用。结果康复患者味觉、嗅觉障碍评分及EC水平均高于对照组。COVID-19组EC水平与双侧内嗅皮质(ENT)体积呈负相关。亚属前扣带皮层体积与恢复的COVID-19患者的味觉不适和铁蛋白相关。结论本研究的关键发现是COVID-19康复患者EC水平高,且EC水平与左耳鼻喉容积呈负相关。在包括COVID-19在内的许多导致嗅觉障碍的疾病中,ECs可能是潜在的神经调节剂。
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引用次数: 0
Differences in Brain Responses to Food or Tastants Delivered with and Without Swallowing: a Meta-analysis on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Studies 大脑对有和没有吞咽的食物或味觉反应的差异:功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)研究的荟萃分析
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09299-6
Andy Wai Kan Yeung

Introduction

This study aimed to meta-analyze the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and compare the brain activations from gustatory studies with different stimulus delivery methods.

Methods

Published fMRI studies were included into the analysis if they evaluated the brain responses to liquid tastants or food among healthy subjects. Studies were coded into three groups: stimulus removed from the mouth by suction without the need to swallow, swallowing without controlling for its confounds, and swallowing with controlling for its confounds.

Results

Forty-five studies that comprised of a total of 1498 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Suction studies activated the posterior cingulate. Swallowing studies covered multiple brain regions including the anterior and middle insula, the precentral gyrus, and the postcentral gyrus.

Conclusions

For the contrast analysis between swallowing studies with and without controlling for the confounds, the former group had larger brain activation mainly at the anterior and middle insula and the thalamus, whereas the latter group had larger brain activation mainly at the anterior cingulate, precentral gyrus, and postcentral gyrus.

Implications

Compared to studies that did not control for confounds of swallowing, studies that controlled for swallowing demonstrated heightened responses at the insula and reduced responses at the sensorimotor cortex.

本研究旨在荟萃分析功能磁共振成像(fMRI)数据,比较不同刺激传递方式下味觉研究的脑激活情况。方法已发表的功能磁共振成像(fMRI)研究如果评估了健康受试者对液体味剂或食物的大脑反应,则纳入分析。研究分为三组:不需要吞咽而通过吸力从口腔中取出刺激物,不控制其混杂因素的吞咽,控制其混杂因素的吞咽。结果45项研究共纳入1498名受试者,符合纳入标准。吸吸研究激活了后扣带。吞咽研究涵盖了多个大脑区域,包括前岛和中岛、中央前回和中央后回。结论通过对照分析和不控制混杂因素的吞咽研究,前者主要在前岛、中岛和丘脑有较大的脑激活,后者主要在前扣带、中央前回和中央后回有较大的脑激活。与没有控制吞咽混淆的研究相比,控制吞咽的研究表明,脑岛的反应增强,感觉运动皮层的反应减弱。
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引用次数: 3
Long-term Olfactory Functions in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Decline and Mild Cognitive Impairment 主观认知能力下降和轻度认知障碍患者的长期嗅觉功能
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2022-04-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09298-7
D. Novotny, E. Stögmann, J. Lehrner

Introduction

Olfactory function is known to be impaired in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as well as in subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which are generally considered at-risk states for developing AD. The aim of the study at hand was to identify predictors of self-reported olfaction capability (SOC), self-reported capability of perceiving specific odors (SRP), olfaction-related quality of life (ORQ), and odor identification (OIT) in patients with SCD, naMCI, and aMCI.

Methods

The sample consisted of 33 patients with SCD, 88 with naMCI, and 43 with aMCI who consulted the Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, due to memory complaints between January 2001 and May 2018. Olfactory function was assessed objectively by means of the Sniffin’ Sticks odor identification test (OIT) and subjectively by means of the ASOF-scores SOC, SRP, and ORQ at two to three points in time, with an average time interval of 39 months between the first and second examination, and 24 months between the second and third examination. Linear mixed models were used in order to identify clinical and demographic variables as predictors of mean SOC, SRP, ORQ, and OIT throughout the observation period.

Results

There was a statistically significant — albeit small — time-related decline of SOC and ORQ in the SCD group but not in other groups. Throughout the observation period, estimated ORQ was significantly higher in the SCD group than in the naMCI and estimated OIT was significantly higher in the naMCI group than in the aMCI group after adjusting for time of measurement and other covariates. Positive relationships between OIT and all three ASOF-scores, negative relationships between BDI-II and SOC and ORQ, and a positive relationship between WST-IQ and SRP were identified.

Conclusion

There is a statistically significant, albeit small, time-related decline of uncertain clinical relevance in subjective measures of olfactory capability and olfaction-related quality of life in patients with SCD.

Implications

In all subgroups, objectively measured odor-identification scores have a significant impact on subjective scores over time. The study at hand confirms previous observations regarding the negative influence of depression on subjective perception of olfactory capabilities known from cross-sectional studies.

众所周知,阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者以及主观认知衰退(SCD)和轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者的嗅觉功能受损,这些患者通常被认为是AD的危险状态。本研究的目的是确定SCD、naMCI和aMCI患者自我报告的嗅觉能力(SOC)、自我报告的感知特定气味能力(SRP)、嗅觉相关生活质量(ORQ)和气味识别(OIT)的预测因子。方法样本包括33例SCD患者,88例naMCI患者和43例aMCI患者,这些患者因2001年1月至2018年5月期间的记忆抱怨而咨询了维也纳医科大学神经内科。嗅觉功能客观评价采用嗅嗅棒气味识别测验(嗅嗅棒气味识别测验),主观评价采用asof评分(SOC、SRP和ORQ)在2 - 3个时间点进行,第一次和第二次检查平均间隔时间为39个月,第二次和第三次检查平均间隔时间为24个月。为了确定临床和人口统计学变量作为整个观察期间平均SOC、SRP、ORQ和OIT的预测因子,我们使用了线性混合模型。结果SCD组SOC和ORQ的下降有统计学意义,尽管与时间相关,但其他组无统计学意义。在整个观察期内,经测量时间和其他协变量调整后,SCD组的估计ORQ显著高于naMCI组,naMCI组的估计OIT显著高于aMCI组。结果表明,OIT与asof得分呈显著正相关,BDI-II与SOC和ORQ呈显著负相关,WST-IQ与SRP呈显著正相关。结论:SCD患者嗅觉能力和嗅觉相关生活质量的主观测量与临床不确定相关性的时间相关性下降具有统计学意义,尽管幅度不大。在所有亚组中,随着时间的推移,客观测量的气味识别分数对主观分数有显著影响。手头的研究证实了先前的观察结果,即抑郁症对主观嗅觉能力的负面影响是横断面研究中已知的。
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引用次数: 0
Smelling Death, Loving Life: the Impact of Olfactory Chemosignals on Life Satisfaction 闻死亡,爱生命:嗅觉化学信号对生活满意度的影响
IF 1 4区 医学 Q4 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2022-03-16 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09297-8
Michael D. Barnett, Ben K. Mokhtari, Jenna M. Moore

Introduction

Previous research suggests that putrescine — the chemical compound that gives decomposing organic matter its distinctive odor — may trigger an inborn evolutionary mechanism that prompts individuals to avoid the smell of decay. The purpose of these two experiments was to investigate the effects of exposure to putrescine on human cognition.

Methods

Two between-subjects experiments (experiment 1 N = 109; experiment 2 N = 108) compared individuals exposed to either putrescine, ammonia, or water. Experiment 1 measures included odorant ratings (i.e., intensity, familiarity, repugnance, goodness), implicit measures (i.e., word completion task, moral judgment vignettes, and opinions on the death penalty), and explicit measures (i.e., death attitudes, self-esteem, and life satisfaction); experiment 2 measures included odorant ratings and life satisfaction.

Results

In experiment 1, there were no differences by odorant condition on implicit measures; however, those exposed to putrescine reported higher life satisfaction than those exposed to water. These results were replicated in experiment 2.

Conclusions

Exposure to putrescine may activate psychological threat management processes, which are then interpreted as higher life satisfaction.

Implications

Human olfactory perception is sensitive to putrescine, and putrescine may exert some subtle psychological effects on human cognition.

先前的研究表明,腐胺——一种使分解的有机物散发出独特气味的化合物——可能会触发一种天生的进化机制,促使个体避免腐烂的气味。这两个实验的目的是研究暴露于腐胺对人类认知的影响。方法2个受试者间实验(实验1 N = 109;实验2 N = 108)比较了暴露于腐胺、氨或水的个体。实验1测量包括气味评分(即强度、熟悉度、厌恶度、善良度)、内隐测量(即填字任务、道德判断小片段和对死刑的看法)和外显测量(即死亡态度、自尊和生活满意度);实验2的测量包括气味评分和生活满意度。结果在实验1中,不同气味条件下内隐测量结果无显著差异;然而,那些接触腐胺的人比接触水的人生活满意度更高。这些结果在实验2中得到了重复。结论暴露于腐胺可激活心理威胁管理过程,从而解释为更高的生活满意度。人类嗅觉对腐胺敏感,腐胺可能对人的认知产生微妙的心理影响。
{"title":"Smelling Death, Loving Life: the Impact of Olfactory Chemosignals on Life Satisfaction","authors":"Michael D. Barnett,&nbsp;Ben K. Mokhtari,&nbsp;Jenna M. Moore","doi":"10.1007/s12078-022-09297-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12078-022-09297-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Previous research suggests that putrescine — the chemical compound that gives decomposing organic matter its distinctive odor — may trigger an inborn evolutionary mechanism that prompts individuals to avoid the smell of decay. The purpose of these two experiments was to investigate the effects of exposure to putrescine on human cognition.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Two between-subjects experiments (experiment 1 N = 109; experiment 2 N = 108) compared individuals exposed to either putrescine, ammonia, or water. Experiment 1 measures included odorant ratings (i.e., intensity, familiarity, repugnance, goodness), implicit measures (i.e., word completion task, moral judgment vignettes, and opinions on the death penalty), and explicit measures (i.e., death attitudes, self-esteem, and life satisfaction); experiment 2 measures included odorant ratings and life satisfaction.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In experiment 1, there were no differences by odorant condition on implicit measures; however, those exposed to putrescine reported higher life satisfaction than those exposed to water. These results were replicated in experiment 2.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Exposure to putrescine may activate psychological threat management processes, which are then interpreted as higher life satisfaction.</p><h3>Implications</h3><p>Human olfactory perception is sensitive to putrescine, and putrescine may exert some subtle psychological effects on human cognition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":516,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensory Perception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12078-022-09297-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4653018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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Chemosensory Perception
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