Contextual Influences on Reference

Craige Roberts
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

This chapter considers a number of ways in which the understood reference of a definite noun phrase—definite description, pronoun, demonstrative, indexical, or proper name—may depend on the context in which it is uttered. Contextual influences are reflected in phenomena such as anaphora and familiarity presuppositions, descriptive incompleteness, domain restriction, dependence on a shifted perspective in intensional contexts resulting in de re, de dicto, and de se interpretations, and inclusion of context-sensitive predicates. Careful investigation of particular types of context dependence has played an important role in the evolution of semantic theories of these NP types over the past fifty years. But outstanding puzzles about how context influences reference pose challenges to the most influential current semantic theories of some NP types, including direct reference theories of indexicals and demonstratives, and rigid designator accounts of proper names.
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语境对参考的影响
这一章考虑了确定名词短语——确定描述、代词、指示、索引或专有名称——的理解所指的几种方式,这些方式可能取决于它所说的上下文。语境影响反映在诸如回指和熟悉预设、描述不完整、领域限制、依赖于在内涵语境中转换的视角导致de re、de dicto和de se解释以及包含上下文敏感谓词等现象中。在过去的50年里,对特定类型语境依赖的仔细研究在这些NP类型语义理论的发展中发挥了重要作用。但是,关于上下文如何影响指称的突出难题对一些NP类型中最具影响力的当前语义理论提出了挑战,包括指导性和指示性的直接指称理论,以及专有名称的严格指示说明。
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Referential Intentions Reference and Referring Expressions in First Language Acquisition The Indefiniteness of Definiteness Reference as a Speech Act Contextual Influences on Reference
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