A Comparison between Chemical and Natural Dispersion of a North Sea Oil-spill

Gareth E Thomas, T. McGenity, Marieke Zeinstra-Helfrich, B. McKew
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Abstract

The application of dispersants to an oil-slick is a key remediation tool and thus understanding its effectiveness is vital. Two in situ oil slicks were created in the North Sea (off the coast of The Netherlands), one left to natural processes whilst dispersant (Slickgone NS) was applied to the other. GC-MS analysis of seawater from the surface slick, and at 1.5 and 5 m below the slick, revealed only two samples with measurable hydrocarbons (221 ± 92 μg ml−1 seawater), from the surface of the “Slickgone Dispersed” oil-slick ~25.5 hours after oil-slick formation, which was likely due to environmental conditions hindering sampling. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene quantitative PCR and amplicon analysis revealed extremely limited growth of obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (OHCB), detected at a relative abundance of <1×10-6 %. Furthermore, the Ecological Index of Hydrocarbon Exposure (EIHE) score, which quantifies the proportion of the bacterial community with hydrocarbon-biodegradation potential, was extremely low at 0.012 (scale of 0 – 1). This very low abundance of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria at the time of sampling, even in samples with measurable hydrocarbons, could potentially be attributed to nutrient limitation (~25.5 hours after oil-slick creation total inorganic nitrogen was 3.33 μM and phosphorus was undetectable). The results of this study highlight a limited capacity for the environment, during this relatively short period, to naturally attenuate oil.
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北海溢油的化学扩散与自然扩散的比较
在浮油上应用分散剂是一种关键的修复工具,因此了解其有效性至关重要。在北海(荷兰海岸外)产生了两个原位浮油,一个留给自然过程,而另一个则使用分散剂(Slickgone NS)。在浮油形成约25.5小时后,对浮油表面及浮油下方1.5 m和5 m处的海水进行气相色谱-质谱分析,发现仅有2个样品(221±92 μ ml−1海水)可测烃,这可能是由于环境条件阻碍了采样。此外,16S rRNA基因定量PCR和扩增子分析显示专性烃碎屑细菌(OHCB)的生长非常有限,检测到的相对丰度<1×10-6 %。此外,烃类暴露生态指数(EIHE)分数(用于量化具有烃类生物降解潜力的细菌群落的比例)极低,仅为0.012(范围为0 - 1)。即使在可测量烃类的样品中,采样时烃类降解细菌的丰度也非常低。可能是由于营养限制(油膜形成后约25.5小时,总无机氮为3.33 μM,磷无法检测到)。这项研究的结果强调,在这段相对较短的时间内,环境对石油的自然衰减能力有限。
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