Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.667537
V. Palace, L. Peters, Nancy Berard-Brown, P. Smyth, T. Shanoff, Grant Wiseman, G. Tomy, Sonya M. Havens, H. Dettman, C. Greer, Holly Kajpust, T. Black, M. Hanson, José Luis Rodríguez Gil, E. Taylor
Monitored natural recovery (MNR) was assessed as a non-invasive method for limiting residual oil exposure in the aquatic environment following contained spills of Cold Lake Blend diluted bitumen (CLB) and conventional heavy crude (CHV) at the IISD-Experimental Lakes Area in Canada. Oils were applied and left in place for 72h to simulate potential spill cleanup response times. After physical removal of free surface oil, biological response and recovery (microbes, zooplankton communities, emergent insects, and benthic invertebrate) was assessed over 80d and exposure of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and their alkylated forms (aPACS) in water and sediment were characterized. Embryonic development of fathead minnow eggs exposed to water from each of the enclosures was used to determine potential impacts on fish early life stage development. There were significantly different concentrations of PACs in the enclosures treated with diluted bitumen and CHV immediately after application and attenuation differed between the two products throughout the study period. Water contained primarily 3 ring PACs and aPACs. Microbial taxa with known oil degrading capacity increased in water relative to total community abundance. Emergent insect abundance was significantly lower in both oil treated enclosures relative to reference enclosures, but fish development was not significantly impacted by oil treatments. Monitored natural recovery could be successfully applied to oil spill affected freshwater shorelines, but additional data are required to determine long term recovery trajectories.
在加拿大iisd实验湖区，监测自然恢复(MNR)作为一种非侵入性方法，用于限制Cold Lake Blend稀释沥青(CLB)和常规重质原油(CHV)泄漏后水生环境中残余油的暴露。油被涂抹并放置72小时，以模拟潜在的溢油清理响应时间。在物理去除游离表面油后，在80d内评估了生物响应和恢复(微生物、浮游动物群落、新兴昆虫和底栖无脊椎动物)，并表征了多环芳香族化合物(PACs)及其烷基化形式(aPACS)在水和沉积物中的暴露。将黑头鲦鱼卵暴露在每个围场的水中进行胚胎发育，以确定对鱼早期生命阶段发育的潜在影响。使用稀释沥青和CHV处理后，围场中PACs的浓度存在显著差异，两种产品在整个研究期间的衰减也存在差异。水主要含有3环pac和apac。相对于总群落丰度，具有已知油降解能力的微生物类群在水中增加。两种油处理围场的涌现昆虫丰度均显著低于对照围场，但对鱼类发育无显著影响。监测自然恢复可以成功地应用于受石油泄漏影响的淡水海岸线，但需要额外的数据来确定长期恢复轨迹。
{"title":"Assessing Monitored Natural Recovery (MNR) for remediating crude oil spills in freshwater environments: The Freshwater Oil Spill Remediation Study (FOReSt) at the Experimental Lakes Area, Canada","authors":"V. Palace, L. Peters, Nancy Berard-Brown, P. Smyth, T. Shanoff, Grant Wiseman, G. Tomy, Sonya M. Havens, H. Dettman, C. Greer, Holly Kajpust, T. Black, M. Hanson, José Luis Rodríguez Gil, E. Taylor","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.667537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.667537","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Monitored natural recovery (MNR) was assessed as a non-invasive method for limiting residual oil exposure in the aquatic environment following contained spills of Cold Lake Blend diluted bitumen (CLB) and conventional heavy crude (CHV) at the IISD-Experimental Lakes Area in Canada. Oils were applied and left in place for 72h to simulate potential spill cleanup response times. After physical removal of free surface oil, biological response and recovery (microbes, zooplankton communities, emergent insects, and benthic invertebrate) was assessed over 80d and exposure of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and their alkylated forms (aPACS) in water and sediment were characterized. Embryonic development of fathead minnow eggs exposed to water from each of the enclosures was used to determine potential impacts on fish early life stage development. There were significantly different concentrations of PACs in the enclosures treated with diluted bitumen and CHV immediately after application and attenuation differed between the two products throughout the study period. Water contained primarily 3 ring PACs and aPACs. Microbial taxa with known oil degrading capacity increased in water relative to total community abundance. Emergent insect abundance was significantly lower in both oil treated enclosures relative to reference enclosures, but fish development was not significantly impacted by oil treatments. Monitored natural recovery could be successfully applied to oil spill affected freshwater shorelines, but additional data are required to determine long term recovery trajectories.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74376070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141616
L. Gilman, A. Bess, Brian D. Drollette, D. Danmeier, Karen J. Murray
Oil spill risk assessments (OSRAs) do not currently distinguish between potentially more toxic, fresh crude oil and less toxic, highly-weathered residues which limits the understanding of the highest risk areas to prioritize mitigation measures and allocate response resources. Fate and trajectory models, used commonly for OSRA, have advanced significantly over the last five years now with enhanced ability to model chemical and physical parameters at greater resolution. Using this enhanced resolution, modelers may be able to provide some indication of the weathered state of the oil as input to the OSRA. In order to evaluate the degree of certainty in such a prediction, it is necessary to better understand the uncertainty in the modeled weathering processes that influence the toxicity of the oil. Emulsification plays a significant role in modeling of oil thickness (and therefore photo-modification), evaporation, and dissolution which are important modulators of oil toxicity. In this project, the emulsification algorithms of three currently available fate and trajectory models, ADIOS, OILMAP/SIMAP, and OSCAR, were evaluated to gain a better understanding of the degree of certainty in the modeled weathered state of oil. In this work, the basis of emulsification algorithms implemented in the models referenced above were identified, and it was found that each of these models incorporates emulsification differently. ADIOS2 relies on emulsification data gathered from mixing oil and water in a food processor. An updated version of ADIOS2 (ADIOS3) is based on a new formulation that is dependent on measured SARA components of the oil, but is still under construction and is not yet implemented. OILMAP/SIMAP use the algorithm presented in Mackay and Zagorski (1982). OSCAR uses a water uptake algorithm that was calibrated to in-house laboratory experiments. Further investigation into the development of each of these emulsification algorithms provided insight into the degree of uncertainty in these models and their input parameters, and what oil types may not be appropriately characterized by the implemented emulsification model. Additionally, the impact of that uncertainty on oil fate was investigated by evaluating the changes in the amount of emulsification when modifying user input parameters within realistic assumption ranges. The findings and comparison of the implementation of these emulsification algorithms and the sensitivity of the results to different inputs is presented here.
{"title":"Evaluation and Comparison of Current Emulsification Algorithms and Their Uncertainty in Oil Spill Modeling Software","authors":"L. Gilman, A. Bess, Brian D. Drollette, D. Danmeier, Karen J. Murray","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141616","url":null,"abstract":"Oil spill risk assessments (OSRAs) do not currently distinguish between potentially more toxic, fresh crude oil and less toxic, highly-weathered residues which limits the understanding of the highest risk areas to prioritize mitigation measures and allocate response resources. Fate and trajectory models, used commonly for OSRA, have advanced significantly over the last five years now with enhanced ability to model chemical and physical parameters at greater resolution. Using this enhanced resolution, modelers may be able to provide some indication of the weathered state of the oil as input to the OSRA. In order to evaluate the degree of certainty in such a prediction, it is necessary to better understand the uncertainty in the modeled weathering processes that influence the toxicity of the oil. Emulsification plays a significant role in modeling of oil thickness (and therefore photo-modification), evaporation, and dissolution which are important modulators of oil toxicity. In this project, the emulsification algorithms of three currently available fate and trajectory models, ADIOS, OILMAP/SIMAP, and OSCAR, were evaluated to gain a better understanding of the degree of certainty in the modeled weathered state of oil.\u0000 In this work, the basis of emulsification algorithms implemented in the models referenced above were identified, and it was found that each of these models incorporates emulsification differently. ADIOS2 relies on emulsification data gathered from mixing oil and water in a food processor. An updated version of ADIOS2 (ADIOS3) is based on a new formulation that is dependent on measured SARA components of the oil, but is still under construction and is not yet implemented. OILMAP/SIMAP use the algorithm presented in Mackay and Zagorski (1982). OSCAR uses a water uptake algorithm that was calibrated to in-house laboratory experiments. Further investigation into the development of each of these emulsification algorithms provided insight into the degree of uncertainty in these models and their input parameters, and what oil types may not be appropriately characterized by the implemented emulsification model. Additionally, the impact of that uncertainty on oil fate was investigated by evaluating the changes in the amount of emulsification when modifying user input parameters within realistic assumption ranges. The findings and comparison of the implementation of these emulsification algorithms and the sensitivity of the results to different inputs is presented here.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73866524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687628
J. Favier, D. Amanzholova, Nai Ming Lee
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the oil and shipping industries have been supporting countries in the development of their oil spill preparedness and response capacity for decades, including through the Global Initiative (GI) programme. These efforts have provided a wealth of experience and understanding of international good practice. A key lesson learned is the importance of legislation and regulation as a fundamental step to developing a preparedness and response framework. This paper will explain how, by contributing to the full implementation of international regulation, the Global Initiative benefits industry and governments alike. Whilst governments find their level of oil pollution preparedness enhanced, industry benefits from the strengthening of the legal and institutional framework which mitigates regulatory and associated economic risks, and eases the dialog with relevant national authorities. IMO's International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC 90) is the bedrock on which national preparedness and response capability is built. OPRC 90, and various regional agreements that integrate with it, set out obligations with respect to a national response framework and associated contingency planning, communication plans, equipment capability and implementation through training and exercises. Whilst the provisions of OPRC 90, and other relevant international legal instruments, are clear, their domestication has proven to be challenging. Most of the obstacles encountered by national authorities fall under three main themes. They could be: purely legal (e.g. transposition of the provisions in the international framework into national law); more institutional (e.g. definition of the competent national authority and operational contact points for oil pollution preparedness and response); or even technical, especially with regards to secondary regulations or rules to address technical aspects of preparedness and response (e.g. approval of response techniques). The GI regional project teams are familiar with these challenges, which are regularly encountered. To overcome the difficulties, each Project has developed solutions together with governments and local business units of the industry. This paper seeks to discuss challenges encountered by countries in meeting their obligations, within the different geographical regions covered by the GI programme. The authors will share their experience and observations from programme implementation, and recommend good practice to enable the domestication of international instruments.
{"title":"Domestication of International Regulation as a Fundamental Step to Developing Preparedness and Response","authors":"J. Favier, D. Amanzholova, Nai Ming Lee","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687628","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the oil and shipping industries have been supporting countries in the development of their oil spill preparedness and response capacity for decades, including through the Global Initiative (GI) programme. These efforts have provided a wealth of experience and understanding of international good practice. A key lesson learned is the importance of legislation and regulation as a fundamental step to developing a preparedness and response framework.\u0000 This paper will explain how, by contributing to the full implementation of international regulation, the Global Initiative benefits industry and governments alike. Whilst governments find their level of oil pollution preparedness enhanced, industry benefits from the strengthening of the legal and institutional framework which mitigates regulatory and associated economic risks, and eases the dialog with relevant national authorities.\u0000 IMO's International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC 90) is the bedrock on which national preparedness and response capability is built. OPRC 90, and various regional agreements that integrate with it, set out obligations with respect to a national response framework and associated contingency planning, communication plans, equipment capability and implementation through training and exercises.\u0000 Whilst the provisions of OPRC 90, and other relevant international legal instruments, are clear, their domestication has proven to be challenging. Most of the obstacles encountered by national authorities fall under three main themes. They could be: purely legal (e.g. transposition of the provisions in the international framework into national law); more institutional (e.g. definition of the competent national authority and operational contact points for oil pollution preparedness and response); or even technical, especially with regards to secondary regulations or rules to address technical aspects of preparedness and response (e.g. approval of response techniques).\u0000 The GI regional project teams are familiar with these challenges, which are regularly encountered. To overcome the difficulties, each Project has developed solutions together with governments and local business units of the industry.\u0000 This paper seeks to discuss challenges encountered by countries in meeting their obligations, within the different geographical regions covered by the GI programme. The authors will share their experience and observations from programme implementation, and recommend good practice to enable the domestication of international instruments.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74265611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689610
Nicky Cariglia
Response to oil spills in remote locations have long be limited primarily by logistical considerations. Frequently, issues associated with these cases are driven by lack of infrastructure, preparedness and regional capacity. Whilst year on year the number of significant ship-source oil spills have been on the decrease and global response preparedness has generally improved, in remote areas they still present a challenge which can prolong the response and associated impacts. Correlated with oil spills the salvage industry has also seen a steady decline in the number of major casualties. However, the need for salvage contractors to maintain adequate capacity, infrastructure, equipment and expertise to be able to respond to major casualties as and when they occur still remains. This is especially important with the construction of ever larger vessels. The backdrop of fewer casualties, whilst needing to retain capacity to deal with increasingly complex salvage operations has resulted in an attempt to diversify and expand services provided by salvage contractors. Oil spill response (OSR) has been viewed by some as a natural extension to the salvage industry's remit to prevent pollution from casualties. This is particularly so for remote cases where advanced logistics, the ability to support a large cash-flow and global contacts are key to implement a response. Such regions are less likely to have established OSR organisations able, experienced or large enough to respond to the situation. Several recent cases have demonstrated that salvage contractors could be in a unique position to fill these gaps. However, based on recent experience from several cases where salvage contractors have overseen OSR operations, there are several limitations that should be addressed by these organisations to cement their position in this role. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of salvage contractors in OSR as observed by the authors over several cases and presents lessons learned with general recommendations for such organisations to sustainably complement the OSR sector.
{"title":"Salvage Companies as OSROs: Benefits and Limitations","authors":"Nicky Cariglia","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689610","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Response to oil spills in remote locations have long be limited primarily by logistical considerations. Frequently, issues associated with these cases are driven by lack of infrastructure, preparedness and regional capacity. Whilst year on year the number of significant ship-source oil spills have been on the decrease and global response preparedness has generally improved, in remote areas they still present a challenge which can prolong the response and associated impacts.\u0000 Correlated with oil spills the salvage industry has also seen a steady decline in the number of major casualties. However, the need for salvage contractors to maintain adequate capacity, infrastructure, equipment and expertise to be able to respond to major casualties as and when they occur still remains. This is especially important with the construction of ever larger vessels. The backdrop of fewer casualties, whilst needing to retain capacity to deal with increasingly complex salvage operations has resulted in an attempt to diversify and expand services provided by salvage contractors. Oil spill response (OSR) has been viewed by some as a natural extension to the salvage industry's remit to prevent pollution from casualties. This is particularly so for remote cases where advanced logistics, the ability to support a large cash-flow and global contacts are key to implement a response. Such regions are less likely to have established OSR organisations able, experienced or large enough to respond to the situation.\u0000 Several recent cases have demonstrated that salvage contractors could be in a unique position to fill these gaps. However, based on recent experience from several cases where salvage contractors have overseen OSR operations, there are several limitations that should be addressed by these organisations to cement their position in this role. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of salvage contractors in OSR as observed by the authors over several cases and presents lessons learned with general recommendations for such organisations to sustainably complement the OSR sector.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78204886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141590
A. Gunasekara, W. Sathyadith
• The total volume of oil spilled and the number of spills has declined significantly over the past forty years. However, oil spills are no longer considered as an unavoidable. The ship source oil pollution still remains a potentially important risk to the local economies and the marine environment which can cause major economic loss and severe damages to the coastal and marine environment. The international regulatory framework to deal with liability and compensation for ship source oil pollution has evolved over the past three decades. The available international legal regime for oil pollution liability and compensation is playing a great role in governing the discharge of oil into the sea by ensuring liability for polluters and compensation for victims of pollution. Despite the fact that the total cost of the oil spill cannot be compensated through the available international civil liability regime and entire damages caused to the marine environment cannot be compensated or recovered. This paper examined the application and limitations of available liability and compensation mechanisms for the protection of marine pollution and compares the benefit of the establishment of a funding mechanism for the strengthening of the level of oil spill preparedness and the civil liability regime for the protection of the coastal and marine environment. In addition, this paper reviews the funding mechanism adopted by the countries to strengthen a level of oil spill preparedness taken into account the polluter pays principle without putting the extra burden to general taxpayers. The establishment of a system for the funding of oil spill preparedness using the polluter pay principle has immensely helped to improve the oil spill response capabilities and protection of the marine environment of coastal states which adopted a unique funding mechanism by applying the polluter pay principle. This paper recommends among other things, review the available compensation and liability regime for the protection of the marine environment and recommend to adopt and apply a uniform funding mechanism for the strengthening of the level of oil spill preparedness taken into account the polluter pay principle for the protection of the marine environment and improve the status quo. • Liability, compensation, Preparedness, Polluters pay principle
{"title":"Combating of oil spills by funding of oil spill preparedness vs funding for compensation after the spill events","authors":"A. Gunasekara, W. Sathyadith","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141590","url":null,"abstract":"• The total volume of oil spilled and the number of spills has declined significantly over the past forty years. However, oil spills are no longer considered as an unavoidable. The ship source oil pollution still remains a potentially important risk to the local economies and the marine environment which can cause major economic loss and severe damages to the coastal and marine environment. The international regulatory framework to deal with liability and compensation for ship source oil pollution has evolved over the past three decades. The available international legal regime for oil pollution liability and compensation is playing a great role in governing the discharge of oil into the sea by ensuring liability for polluters and compensation for victims of pollution. Despite the fact that the total cost of the oil spill cannot be compensated through the available international civil liability regime and entire damages caused to the marine environment cannot be compensated or recovered. This paper examined the application and limitations of available liability and compensation mechanisms for the protection of marine pollution and compares the benefit of the establishment of a funding mechanism for the strengthening of the level of oil spill preparedness and the civil liability regime for the protection of the coastal and marine environment. In addition, this paper reviews the funding mechanism adopted by the countries to strengthen a level of oil spill preparedness taken into account the polluter pays principle without putting the extra burden to general taxpayers. The establishment of a system for the funding of oil spill preparedness using the polluter pay principle has immensely helped to improve the oil spill response capabilities and protection of the marine environment of coastal states which adopted a unique funding mechanism by applying the polluter pay principle. This paper recommends among other things, review the available compensation and liability regime for the protection of the marine environment and recommend to adopt and apply a uniform funding mechanism for the strengthening of the level of oil spill preparedness taken into account the polluter pay principle for the protection of the marine environment and improve the status quo.\u0000 • Liability, compensation, Preparedness, Polluters pay principle","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77269552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141381
Neil A Munro, A. Myers
The Montara (2009) and Macondo (2010) incidents resulted in step change in safety for the oil & gas industry. Since then many improvements have been implemented to keep the highest standard of safety in drilling operations. Through industry collaboration subsea well response equipment not available at the time of these incidents is now globally accessible. Technology continues to be developed to provide comprehensive response capabilities. A recent area of focus for industry was how to cap an incident well in water depths less than 600 meters where vertical access may not be possible due to hydrocarbons at surface and a possible gas boil in the case of a gas well. An innovative concept was developed, manufactured and tested to deal with a loss of well control event in shallow water. The Offset Installation System (OIS) allows a capping stack to be deployed and installed on a blowing out well in shallow water, deployed and controlled by vessels offset from the incident well. In addition, the OIS can be used for debris clearance, removal of the lower marine riser package (LMRP), and deployment of other subsea response hardware. By virtue of their source control operational function capping stacks are relatively large and heavy pieces of hardware. Despite these physical characteristics, there is expectation by stakeholders and international regulators for capability to transport capping stack equipment across significant distances in an expeditious manner to respond to an incident. For remote areas of the globe, capping stacks air transported as a single unit could provide an effective solution. A key objective in responding to a subsea loss of well control event is the ability to effectively mobilise source control equipment and trained personnel to readily manage an emergency response scenario in a timely manner globally. A number of companies with a range of capabilities will be required to provide a comprehensive response. To further assist, initiatives focused on personnel resources have been developed including a global subsea response network, and continuing industry collaboration for mutual aid of personnel. This paper will provide information on the development of the global subsea response equipment inventory available to industry. Latest developments such as OIS and air freightable capping stacks for transportation to remote areas will be discussed in detail as well as the above-mentioned initiatives for personnel.
{"title":"Development of the Global Equipment Inventory and Network for Subsea Well Response","authors":"Neil A Munro, A. Myers","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141381","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Montara (2009) and Macondo (2010) incidents resulted in step change in safety for the oil & gas industry. Since then many improvements have been implemented to keep the highest standard of safety in drilling operations. Through industry collaboration subsea well response equipment not available at the time of these incidents is now globally accessible.\u0000 Technology continues to be developed to provide comprehensive response capabilities. A recent area of focus for industry was how to cap an incident well in water depths less than 600 meters where vertical access may not be possible due to hydrocarbons at surface and a possible gas boil in the case of a gas well. An innovative concept was developed, manufactured and tested to deal with a loss of well control event in shallow water.\u0000 The Offset Installation System (OIS) allows a capping stack to be deployed and installed on a blowing out well in shallow water, deployed and controlled by vessels offset from the incident well. In addition, the OIS can be used for debris clearance, removal of the lower marine riser package (LMRP), and deployment of other subsea response hardware.\u0000 By virtue of their source control operational function capping stacks are relatively large and heavy pieces of hardware. Despite these physical characteristics, there is expectation by stakeholders and international regulators for capability to transport capping stack equipment across significant distances in an expeditious manner to respond to an incident. For remote areas of the globe, capping stacks air transported as a single unit could provide an effective solution.\u0000 A key objective in responding to a subsea loss of well control event is the ability to effectively mobilise source control equipment and trained personnel to readily manage an emergency response scenario in a timely manner globally. A number of companies with a range of capabilities will be required to provide a comprehensive response. To further assist, initiatives focused on personnel resources have been developed including a global subsea response network, and continuing industry collaboration for mutual aid of personnel.\u0000 This paper will provide information on the development of the global subsea response equipment inventory available to industry. Latest developments such as OIS and air freightable capping stacks for transportation to remote areas will be discussed in detail as well as the above-mentioned initiatives for personnel.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81883664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141662
Marieh Arekhi, L. Terry, T. Clement
{"title":"Characterization of Tar Balls Found along Alabama's Beaches 10 Years after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill","authors":"Marieh Arekhi, L. Terry, T. Clement","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141662","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84341217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.674787
Tim Gunter, Ty Farrell
Swift water oil spill response (SWSR) has many different aspects that present more of a challenge than slow moving or static water oil spills. The American Petroleum Institute (API)/Association of Oil Pipelines (AOPL) Emergency Response Work Group's inland SWSR Guide will be a compilation of industry best practices describing initial spill response management and operational tactics in these uniquely challenging conditions. This paper will summarize the API Guide which focuses on the highest priorities of spill response including people, environment, and assets. The intended audience for this paper are responders that have baseline spill response knowledge. Operations managers will be able to use the API Guide to develop timely Incident Command System (ICS) 201 briefs, organizational structures, and Incident Action Plan (IAP) operational work assignments. Safety of responders will be emphasized, particularly site safety, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Site safety and job specific hazard identification best practices will inform responders, managers, and Incident Commanders of the important aspects of overall safety management. Site evaluation topics will cover the following areas: access, staging area, boat launches, shoreline composition, and wildlife considerations. Response strategies involving equipment for containment and recovery will be described for effective SWSR. Additional factors that must be considered include riverbed composition, current velocity, flow pattern, water depth, water course width, and obstructions. There is a limited amount of literature on the unique response techniques of SWSR developed by industry groups or governmental agencies.
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Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686202
A. Best, P. Brenan
In response to the Montara and Macondo subsea well incidents in 2009–10, the industry's knowledge of and ability to respond to a subsea source control (SSC) event has greatly improved. Industry has invested heavily in its response capabilities and established best practices to resolve future incidents that may arise in the offshore oil and gas operations. The investment has driven rapid advancements in science, engineering, and new technological equipment developments to establish a higher standard for SSC preparedness and readiness. The industry now has a high confidence in its ability to deal with a subsea well release. The growth in capability has led to many variations in equipment and response plans, which has led to complexity in an already highly technical field. To reduce the complexity, common understanding is required of all the actions that comprise a SSC response, the linkages and dependencies between all the actions, and the critical path items that influence the overall timeframes of regaining control of the well. With a common understanding of the response plan comes enhanced industry, regulator and community confidence in the ability of the oil and gas industry to appropriately manage its environmental and social impacts. To help with this effort, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) has produced reports 592, 594 and 595. Report 594 is a guideline that can be used to support subsea source control response planning and Report 595 addresses capping stack design and operational reliability. IOGP Report 592 - Subsea Capping Response Time Model Toolkit User Guide, was completed in December 2019. It was jointly developed by IOGP and the Australian National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Authority (NOPSEMA). This report involved the creation of a digital subsea response time model that is freely available with a number of different software templates. The objective was to create a common standardized document that described the processes for preparing and implementing a subsea well blowout response in a timeline format, and in doing so, identify and communicate critical path activities, areas that can be prioritised pre-response, be easily transferrable to other parties to support mutual aid activities and, should the need arise, be used as an actual response project planning tool. This paper informs readers of these resources and explains the reasoning behind their creation.
{"title":"Preparing for Subsea Source Control Response: IOGP Reports 592, 594, 595 and Optimising Response Timelines","authors":"A. Best, P. Brenan","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686202","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In response to the Montara and Macondo subsea well incidents in 2009–10, the industry's knowledge of and ability to respond to a subsea source control (SSC) event has greatly improved. Industry has invested heavily in its response capabilities and established best practices to resolve future incidents that may arise in the offshore oil and gas operations. The investment has driven rapid advancements in science, engineering, and new technological equipment developments to establish a higher standard for SSC preparedness and readiness. The industry now has a high confidence in its ability to deal with a subsea well release. The growth in capability has led to many variations in equipment and response plans, which has led to complexity in an already highly technical field.\u0000 To reduce the complexity, common understanding is required of all the actions that comprise a SSC response, the linkages and dependencies between all the actions, and the critical path items that influence the overall timeframes of regaining control of the well. With a common understanding of the response plan comes enhanced industry, regulator and community confidence in the ability of the oil and gas industry to appropriately manage its environmental and social impacts. To help with this effort, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) has produced reports 592, 594 and 595. Report 594 is a guideline that can be used to support subsea source control response planning and Report 595 addresses capping stack design and operational reliability.\u0000 IOGP Report 592 - Subsea Capping Response Time Model Toolkit User Guide, was completed in December 2019. It was jointly developed by IOGP and the Australian National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Authority (NOPSEMA). This report involved the creation of a digital subsea response time model that is freely available with a number of different software templates. The objective was to create a common standardized document that described the processes for preparing and implementing a subsea well blowout response in a timeline format, and in doing so, identify and communicate critical path activities, areas that can be prioritised pre-response, be easily transferrable to other parties to support mutual aid activities and, should the need arise, be used as an actual response project planning tool.\u0000 This paper informs readers of these resources and explains the reasoning behind their creation.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85004604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687653
H. Walton, Joshua J. Davison, Joanna Uzyczak, Christopher Martin, P. Milliken, M. Kirby
Current experimental protocols for the toxicity assessment of oil spill treatment products in the UK have been established since the 1970s. To address health and safety, cost and scientific robustness issues the UK approach for dispersant testing and approval has been reviewed and updated for implementation during 2020. To provide more robust scientific advice for the risk assessments that enable effective decision making on the use of oil remediation products in the event of a spill there has been a focus on methods that already have internationally accepted protocols. Standardisation of dispersant testing will promote more effective cross-institute comparisons of toxicity data and will enable further harmonisation of approaches in the future. It is preferable that environmentally relevant test species are used but, as the scientific literature provides little conclusive evidence of a taxa-specific trend in sensitivity, species selection based on sensitivity alone was not justified. Eight dispersants, commonly stockpiled in the UK, were tested independently and in combination with a representative crude oil (Kuwait). Testing of dispersants in combination with oil has historically provided more variable results so this study has considered the benefits of this versus product only testing. Core test species included the harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe battagliai, and the algae, Skeletonema sp., as both have cost-effective internationally standardised methods, whilst also being environmentally representative and using test species easily cultured under laboratory conditions with no seasonality. Other candidate test species, such as oyster embryos, had limitations in applicability due to seasonal issues. Fish testing was not considered as there was no ethical reasoning for vertebrate testing due to the absence of taxa-specific toxicity. Results showed that, if oil is excluded from the assessment, Skeletonema sp. and Tisbe battagliai, can produce reliable, reproduceable and interpretable results. When running the T. battagliai test, independently on multiple occasions, without oil, dispersant 1, 2 and 3 had EC50 results that were not statistically different. This suggests that product only testing is suitable for ranking products based on toxicological hazard. The redevelopment of the UK guideline to use standardised testing and the selection of appropriate, environmentally relevant test organisms will increase the quality and reliability of data used to underpin the UK oil spill treatment testing and approval scheme. The adoption of this approach will enable an approved list of products for use in UK waters to be maintained. However, the decision for dispersant use in any given scenario will need to be underpinned through expert advice applying a risk assessment approach taking account a range of incident-specific physical and environmental sensitivity information.
{"title":"The Development of New Toxicity Testing and Approval Processes for Oil Spill Treatment Products in the UK","authors":"H. Walton, Joshua J. Davison, Joanna Uzyczak, Christopher Martin, P. Milliken, M. Kirby","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687653","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Current experimental protocols for the toxicity assessment of oil spill treatment products in the UK have been established since the 1970s. To address health and safety, cost and scientific robustness issues the UK approach for dispersant testing and approval has been reviewed and updated for implementation during 2020. To provide more robust scientific advice for the risk assessments that enable effective decision making on the use of oil remediation products in the event of a spill there has been a focus on methods that already have internationally accepted protocols. Standardisation of dispersant testing will promote more effective cross-institute comparisons of toxicity data and will enable further harmonisation of approaches in the future.\u0000 It is preferable that environmentally relevant test species are used but, as the scientific literature provides little conclusive evidence of a taxa-specific trend in sensitivity, species selection based on sensitivity alone was not justified. Eight dispersants, commonly stockpiled in the UK, were tested independently and in combination with a representative crude oil (Kuwait). Testing of dispersants in combination with oil has historically provided more variable results so this study has considered the benefits of this versus product only testing. Core test species included the harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe battagliai, and the algae, Skeletonema sp., as both have cost-effective internationally standardised methods, whilst also being environmentally representative and using test species easily cultured under laboratory conditions with no seasonality. Other candidate test species, such as oyster embryos, had limitations in applicability due to seasonal issues. Fish testing was not considered as there was no ethical reasoning for vertebrate testing due to the absence of taxa-specific toxicity.\u0000 Results showed that, if oil is excluded from the assessment, Skeletonema sp. and Tisbe battagliai, can produce reliable, reproduceable and interpretable results. When running the T. battagliai test, independently on multiple occasions, without oil, dispersant 1, 2 and 3 had EC50 results that were not statistically different. This suggests that product only testing is suitable for ranking products based on toxicological hazard.\u0000 The redevelopment of the UK guideline to use standardised testing and the selection of appropriate, environmentally relevant test organisms will increase the quality and reliability of data used to underpin the UK oil spill treatment testing and approval scheme. The adoption of this approach will enable an approved list of products for use in UK waters to be maintained. However, the decision for dispersant use in any given scenario will need to be underpinned through expert advice applying a risk assessment approach taking account a range of incident-specific physical and environmental sensitivity information.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77806494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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