Life cycle water usage in CdTe photovoltaics

P. Sinha, A. Meader, M. de Wild-Scholten
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Abstract

Life cycle water withdrawal for cadmium telluride photovoltaics (CdTe PV) ranges from approximately 382–425 L/MWh, with only ∼12% from direct on-site usage. The remainder is related to indirect waterwithdrawal from the use of grid electricity and raw materials throughout the product life cycle. Approximately half of life cycle water withdrawal is associated with module manufacturing, one-third from balance of systems (BOS), and the remainder from takeback and recycling. Primary contributors to life cycle water withdrawal are the use of grid electricity, glass, and on-site water during manufacturing; steel, copper, inverters, and on-site water in the BOS; and electricity, chemical use, and transport during takeback and recycling. During manufacturing, water consumption is approximately one quarter of withdrawal and is due to cooling tower water evaporation and site irrigation. When deployed in the U.S. Southwest, a CdTe PV array can provide net displacement of life cycle water withdrawal of over 1700–5600 L/MWh relative to grid electricity.
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CdTe光伏电池的生命周期用水
碲化镉光伏(CdTe PV)的生命周期取水量范围约为382-425 L/MWh,其中仅约12%来自直接现场使用。其余部分与在整个产品生命周期中使用电网电力和原材料的间接取水有关。大约一半的生命周期用水量与模块制造有关,三分之一来自系统平衡(BOS),其余来自回收和再循环。生命周期用水的主要来源是电网、玻璃和制造过程中的现场用水;BOS中的钢、铜、逆变器和现场水;以及回收和回收过程中的电力、化学品使用和运输。在生产过程中,用水量大约是取水的四分之一,这是由于冷却塔的水蒸发和现场灌溉。当部署在美国西南部时,相对于电网电力,CdTe光伏阵列可以提供超过1700-5600升/兆瓦时的生命周期净水量。
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