F. Predan, S. Heckelmann, M. Niemeyer, D. Lackner, A. Kovács, R. Dunin‐Borkowski, W. Jager, F. Dimroth
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Fabrication of highly efficient four-junction solar cells by surface-activated wafer-bonding
We used surface-activated wafer-bonding (SAB) at low temperatures for the fabrication of advanced four-junction solar cells. The bonded heterojunctions are optimized regarding high electrical conductivity to avoid voltage losses especially for devices operating with high-current densities. Wafer-bonded 4-junction solar cells are today reaching the highest efficiencies for sunlight conversion into electricity and offer possible applications for space as well as concentrating photovoltaics.
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