Secular Architecture

The two centuries following Constantine’s foundation saw the expansion of Constantinople, with palaces, fora, harbors, aqueducts, cisterns, and an impressive system of fortifications. Justinian’s new foundation of Caričin Grad (Iustiniana Prima) gives some sense of the continuity of Late Antique urban planning principles; Resafa (Sergiopolis) was provided with a new set of fortifications and ceremonial spaces; Ephesus demonstrates the urban continuity of long-established cities. Housing types and fortifications follow long-established practices.