都市保护区如何转变:一个先进的时空立法模型

Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Geography, Environment, Sustainability Pub Date : 2023-10-08 DOI:10.24057/2071-9388-2022-2614
V. A. Kryukov, E. I. Golubeva
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引用次数: 0

摘要

与原始生态系统相比,由于人口的快速增长和利益相关者的利益纠缠,城市保护区面临着更大的压力和恶化。同时,这些有价值的生态系统为城市提供生态系统服务,包括文化服务,并提高生活质量。在多学科方法背景下对保护区变化的空间分析有助于发现和保护脆弱的生态系统。研究对象是莫斯科大都市的保护区(在2012年之前的边界内),而研究对象是立法行为建立的空间和时间PA的转变。研究问题是设计一个城市保护区内法律指定的转变模型,并影响其边界、土地利用和生态系统恶化的速度。为了实现研究问题,设定了三个目标:收集莫斯科立法法案指定的PAs转换的空间数据;对立法行为确立的行政长官的转变进行全面而详尽的分类;根据设计的分类,模拟莫斯科PAs(1985-2022)变化的时空趋势。通过QGIS和GDAL软件中的NDVI(归一化植被指数)估算和栅格计算,结合改造事件的内容分析、GIS制图和城市植被空间分析,构建了立法改造(保护区降级、减缩、解封)的3复合框架。本研究的独创性源于:对第四次转化的化合物(新PAs的设计失败)的分析;空间对比积极转化,加强自然保护;揭示转换的详细子类型和级别;将这种方法应用于大城市的地方规模。我们的研究基于:1985-2022年的立法法案,其中包含由地方政府和国家部委指定的保护区边界、区域和土地利用的文本和地图;国家和莫斯科开放获取空间数据中心;莫斯科在线新闻;2001-2021年莫斯科地区陆地卫星图像和全球森林变化数据。不利转化影响的面积比积极转化影响的面积更大(占总PA面积的53.8%,比22.6%)。保护区的设计带来了积极的变化(49.5%),而不利的变化——放宽土地使用限制(60.3%)和新保护区设计失败(22.8%)。不利的转变主要体现在1985-2022年期间,土地使用禁令最严格的地区(平均减少68%)的缩小和设计保护区的低份额(54%)。林地人工林急剧扩大(+86.5%),取代了半自然的城市森林(2005-2021年)。因此,PA提供生态系统服务的能力已大大减弱。在莫斯科,自然保护方面出现了相当大的不利趋势,这些趋势通常不为公众所知。所分析的莫斯科保护区改造的类型是相当传统的,可以通过与其他自然遗产丰富的特大城市的比较来改进,以推进所设计的模型,并引发对自然保护的威胁。
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How Protected Areas Are Transforming Within Megapolis: An Advanced Spatiotemporal Legislative Model
Compared to pristine ecosystems, urban protected areas (PAs) are exposed to intensified pressure and deterioration due to rapid population growth and entangled stakeholders’ interests. At the same time, these valuable ecosystems provide cities with ecosystem services, including cultural ones, and enhance the quality of life. Spatial analysis of PAs’ transformations in the context of the multidisciplinary approach contributes to the detection and safeguarding of vulnerable ecosystems. The study object is the protected areas of Moscow megapolis (within boundaries until 2012), whereas the study subject is the spatial and temporal PA’s transformations established by legislative acts. The research question is to devise a model of transformations designated by law within urban PAs and affecting their borders, land use, and rate of ecosystem deterioration. To achieve the research question, three goals were set: to gather spatial data on PAs’ transformations within Moscow designated by legislative acts; to design a comprehensive and exhaustive classification of PAs’ transformations established by legislative acts; to model spatial and temporal trends in transformations of Moscow PAs (1985-2022), according to the classification devised. The 3-compound framework for the analysis of legislative transformations (downgrading, downsizing, degazettment of protected areas) was coupled by content analysis of transformation events, GIS mapping, and spatial analysis of urban vegetation through NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) estimations and raster computations in QGIS and GDAL software. The originality of our study derives from: the analysis of the 4th transformations’ compound (design failures of new PAs); spatial comparison with positive transformations, strengthening nature conservation; uncovering detailed subtypes and levels of transformations; applying this approach to the local scale of megapolis. Our study is based on: 1985-2022 legislative acts with text and map representations of PAs’ borders, zones and land-use designated by regional government and national ministries; national and Moscow open-access spatial data hubs; Moscow online news; 2001-2021 Landsat imageries and Global Forest Change data on Moscow region. Adverse transformations affected a larger area than positive ones (53.8% of a total PA area compared to 22.6%). Positive transformations contributed by PAs’ design (49.5%) mostly, while adverse ones – by easing of restrictions on land use (60.3%) and failures in the design of new PAs (22.8%). Adverse transformations are mainly reflected in the downsizing of zones with the strictest prohibitions on land use (-68% on average) and a low share of designed PAs (54%) through the period 1985-2022. Woodland plantations dramatically expanded (+86.5%), replacing seminatural urban forests (2005-2021). Hence, PA’s ability to supply ecosystem services has been considerably diminished. In regard to Moscow, considerable adverse trends in nature protection were revealed, generally hidden from the public. The analyzed typology of Moscow PAs’ transformations is quite conventional and may be improved through comparisons with other megapolises abundant in natural heritage to advance the model devised and elicit threats to nature conservation.
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来源期刊
Geography, Environment, Sustainability
Geography, Environment, Sustainability Social Sciences-Geography, Planning and Development
CiteScore
2.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
37
审稿时长
12 weeks
期刊介绍: Journal “GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY” is founded by the Faculty of Geography of Lomonosov Moscow State University, The Russian Geographical Society and by the Institute of Geography of RAS. It is the official journal of Russian Geographical Society, and a fully open access journal. Journal “GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY” publishes original, innovative, interdisciplinary and timely research letter articles and concise reviews on studies of the Earth and its environment scientific field. This goal covers a broad spectrum of scientific research areas (physical-, social-, economic-, cultural geography, environmental sciences and sustainable development) and also considers contemporary and widely used research methods, such as geoinformatics, cartography, remote sensing (including from space), geophysics, geochemistry, etc. “GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY” is the only original English-language journal in the field of geography and environmental sciences published in Russia. It is supposed to be an outlet from the Russian-speaking countries to Europe and an inlet from Europe to the Russian-speaking countries regarding environmental and Earth sciences, geography and sustainability. The main sections of the journal are the theory of geography and ecology, the theory of sustainable development, use of natural resources, natural resources assessment, global and regional changes of environment and climate, social-economical geography, ecological regional planning, sustainable regional development, applied aspects of geography and ecology, geoinformatics and ecological cartography, ecological problems of oil and gas sector, nature conservations, health and environment, and education for sustainable development. Articles are freely available to both subscribers and the wider public with permitted reuse.
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