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A regional-scale estimate of the soil organic carbon isotopic composition (δ13c) and its environmental drivers: case study of the Baikal region 区域尺度的土壤有机碳同位素组成(δ13c)及其环境驱动因素估算:贝加尔湖地区案例研究
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2024-3091
V. Golubtsov, Yu. V. Vanteeva, A. Cherkashina
Modern plants and surface soil δ13С values from 95 sites in the Baikal region were obtained for the first time and were used to establish relationships with regional environmental factors. Studied sites were distributed along the elevation gradient from 403 to 2315 m, which defined a strong landscape and climatic gradients encompassing mountain tundra, subalpine grasslands, mountain taiga, subtaiga, and steppe. δ13С values of soil organic matter (SOM) varied from –29.50 to –22.98‰. This result showed that the stable C isotopic composition of the surface soils was mainly determined by δ13С values of C3 plants (vary from –33.0 to –24.5‰) and C isotope fractionation during stabilization of plant-derived C into SOM. The δ13С values of modern plants and surface soils were negatively correlated with mean annual and growing season precipitation (p<0.05), confirming that precipitation is the primary factor determining SOM’s stable C isotopic composition in the Baikal region. A distinct increase in the δ13С values with decreasing mean annual and growing season precipitation was found with a slope of –0.42‰/100 mm and –0.97‰/100 mm, respectively. Temperature had no significant effect on the spatial distribution of SOM δ13С values at the regional scale but played an important role in the severe environments of mountain tundra (the coldest and wettest) and steppes (the warmest and driest). Such conditions strongly impacted SOM δ13С values by influencing plant species composition and soil microbiological activity. As a result, the organic matter of these soils is characterized by the highest δ13С values. The SOM of taiga soils formed under a favorable combination of temperature and precipitation was characterized by the lowest δ13С values
贝加尔地区 95 个地点的现代植物和表层土壤 δ13С 值是首次获得的,并被用于建立与地区环境因素的关系。研究地点分布在海拔从 403 米到 2315 米的海拔梯度上,形成了强烈的地貌和气候梯度,包括高山苔原、亚高山草原、高山泰加、亚泰加和大草原。土壤有机质(SOM)的δ13С值从-29.50‰到-22.98‰不等。这一结果表明,表层土壤的稳定 C 同位素组成主要由 C3 植物的 δ13С 值(从 -33.0 到 -24.5‰)和植物源 C 稳定到 SOM 过程中的 C 同位素分馏决定。现代植物和表层土壤的δ13С值与年平均降水量和生长季节降水量呈负相关(p<0.05),证实降水量是决定贝加尔湖地区SOM稳定C同位素组成的主要因素。随着年平均降水量和生长季降水量的减少,δ13С值明显增加,斜率分别为-0.42‰/100毫米和-0.97‰/100毫米。在区域尺度上,温度对 SOM δ13С 值的空间分布没有明显影响,但在高山苔原(最寒冷和最潮湿)和大草原(最温暖和最干旱)的恶劣环境中却起着重要作用。这些条件通过影响植物物种组成和土壤微生物活动,对 SOM δ13С 值产生了强烈影响。因此,这些土壤的有机质具有δ13С值最高的特点。在温度和降水的有利组合下形成的泰加林土壤的有机质具有δ13С值最低的特点
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引用次数: 0
Modeling land use change of mid-sized cities in the process of metropolization. Case study La Serena-Coquimbo conurbation, Chile 大都市化进程中中等城市土地利用变化的建模。智利拉塞雷纳-科金博城市群案例研究
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2024-2984
Diana Mustelier, Cristian Henríquez
The current urbanization trend shows a large number of conurbated medium-sized cities growing and others that could be transformed into metropolises, especially in Latin America. This has led to disparities in the provision of urban services and amenities, as well as new territorial processes and spatial fragmentation. The objective of this study is to analyze the future changes in land use and land cover in the La Serena-Coquimbo conurbation, Coquimbo Region, Chile, under two different scenarios: Business-as-usual and Spatial Planning between 2020 and 2042. These different scenarios were simulated using the CLUMondo model based on the evolution of land use/cover between 1990-2020 in order to identify the main dynamics associated with urban growth in both cities. The simulation scenarios reflect how the urban area of the conurbation will expand towards the peri-urban area. In the first scenario, urban land shows an increase of 54%, and in the second one, 45% from 2020 to 2042, reinforcing the issues of the metropolization process in the conurbation, such as spatial segregation, infrastructure deficits, loss of ecosystems and natural landscapes, and fragmentation of rural areas. Spatially explicit models have proven to be a powerful tool for decision-makers tasked with projecting urban growth, particularly in conurbated cities undergoing metropolization.
当前的城市化趋势表明,大量中型城市正在发展壮大,其他城市也有可能转变为大都市,尤其是在拉丁美洲。这导致了城市服务和便利设施提供方面的差异,以及新的领土进程和空间分割。本研究旨在分析智利科金博大区拉塞雷纳-科金博城市群在两种不同情景下土地利用和土地覆盖的未来变化:2020 年至 2042 年期间的 "一切照旧 "和 "空间规划"。根据 1990-2020 年间土地使用/覆盖的演变情况,使用 CLUMondo 模型模拟了这些不同的情景,以确定与这两个城市的城市发展相关的主要动态。模拟情景反映了城市群的城市区域将如何向城市周边地区扩展。在第一种情景中,城市用地从 2020 年到 2042 年增加了 54%,在第二种情景中增加了 45%,这加剧了城市群大都市化进程中的问题,如空间隔离、基础设施不足、生态系统和自然景观的丧失以及农村地区的破碎化。事实证明,空间显式模型是决策者预测城市增长的有力工具,尤其是在正在经历大都市化的城市群中。
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引用次数: 0
Inaccuracy of relative elevations on uavbased digital elevation models without precise reference information 在没有精确参考信息的情况下,基于导航仪的数字高程模型上的相对高度不准确
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2024-3123
Victoria V. Zorina, Andrey L. Entin
Imagery obtained from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is widely used for land surface modelling. Recent research prove that digital elevation models (DEMs) created from UAV imagery are characterized by a high rate of accuracy and reliability. Most of these studies are focused on assessing absolute elevation accuracy of the UAV DEMs, but the accuracy of relative elevations (i.e., accuracy of reproducing of local elevation differences within DEM) also should be considered. In this paper, we focus on the precision of replicating relative elevations in DEMs derived from imagery captured via UAVs without precise coordinate reference. To evaluate this accuracy, we use datasets of aerial images processed in two different methods: one with on-board coordinates obtained from a GNSS receiver, and the other based on precise coordinates calculated with the Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) method. The sites selected for assessment are not look like each other in terms of terrain and forest cover characteristics to track the difference of modelling in the divergent areas. Constructed DEMs were compared with reference fragments of global DEMs by the statistical indices for the difference fields. The findings indicate that the absence of an accurate coordinate reference does not have a substantial impact on the precision of reproducing relative elevations in the DEM. This makes it possible to use UAV materials without precise coordinate reference for modelling in most geographical studies, where the error of terrain steepness values of 0.9° can be considered acceptable.
无人飞行器(UAV)获取的图像被广泛用于地表建模。最新研究证明,利用无人飞行器图像创建的数字高程模型(DEM)具有高精确度和高可靠性的特点。这些研究大多侧重于评估无人机 DEM 的绝对高程精度,但也应考虑相对高程的精度(即再现 DEM 内部局部高程差异的精度)。在本文中,我们将重点关注在没有精确坐标参考的情况下,通过无人机拍摄的图像得出的 DEM 中复制相对高程的精度。为了评估这一精度,我们使用了两种不同方法处理的航空图像数据集:一种是通过 GNSS 接收机获得的机载坐标,另一种是基于后处理运动学(PPK)方法计算的精确坐标。所选的评估地点在地形和森林植被特征方面互不相似,以跟踪不同地区建模的差异。通过差异场统计指数,将构建的 DEM 与全球 DEM 参考片段进行比较。研究结果表明,缺乏精确的坐标参考并不会对 DEM 中再现相对高度的精度产生实质性影响。因此,在大多数地理研究中,可以使用没有精确坐标参考的无人机材料进行建模,地形陡度值的误差在 0.9°以内都是可以接受的。
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引用次数: 0
Urban transformation in Lahore: three decades of land cover changes, green space decline, and sustainable development challenges 拉合尔的城市转型:三十年的土地覆盖变化、绿地减少和可持续发展挑战
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2024-3204
Rimsha Azhar, Muhammad Asif Javed, Muhammad Nasar-u-Minallah, Silvia Machado, Muhammad Jabbar
Pakistan has experienced significant urbanization, characterized by rapid urban population growth and unplanned urban expansion, making it the most urbanized country in South Asia. This study focuses on Lahore, the secondlargest megacity of Pakistan, and evaluates land cover changes over the last three decades (1990-2020). It also analyzes the relationship between urban green landscapes and unregulated urban expansion. The study reveals significant changes in the ecology of Lahore’s urban landscape using Landsat imagery, including Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 8 OLI, and a 30m spatial resolution, along with population data from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. In particular, the study reveals a decline in urban green spaces and a significant expansion of urban built-up areas in Lahore. The annual urban area expansion rates were 24.2 km2 (1990- 2000), 12.1 km2 (2000-2010), and 26.4 km2 (2010-2020), while vegetation cover decreased 33.45 km2 (1990-2000), 20 km2 (2000-2010) in the first two decades but slightly increased from 2010 to 2020 at an annual rate of 14.17 km2. As a result, there is a serious concern about the rapid decline of green space in Lahore. It is recommended that the administrative authorities follow the World Health Organization’s guidelines regarding the need for green spaces. This study contributes to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 11th, indicator 11.3.1, and provides guidelines for conserving natural, social, and economic resources in the face of rapid urbanization.
巴基斯坦经历了显著的城市化进程,其特点是城市人口快速增长和无规划的城市扩张,使其成为南亚城市化程度最高的国家。本研究以巴基斯坦第二大城市拉合尔为重点,对过去三十年(1990-2020 年)的土地覆被变化进行了评估。研究还分析了城市绿色景观与无序城市扩张之间的关系。研究利用 Landsat 5 TM、Landsat 8 OLI 等 Landsat 图像和 30 米空间分辨率,以及巴基斯坦统计局提供的人口数据,揭示了拉合尔城市景观生态的重大变化。研究特别揭示了拉合尔城市绿地的减少和城市建成区的显著扩张。城市面积的年扩张率分别为 24.2 平方公里(1990-2000 年)、12.1 平方公里(2000-2010 年)和 26.4 平方公里(2010-2020 年),而植被覆盖面积在前二十年分别减少了 33.45 平方公里(1990-2000 年)和 20 平方公里(2000-2010 年),但从 2010 年到 2020 年略有增加,年增长率为 14.17 平方公里。因此,人们对拉合尔绿地面积迅速减少表示严重关切。建议行政当局遵循世界卫生组织关于绿地需求的指导方针。本研究有助于实现联合国可持续发展目标 11 的指标 11.3.1,并为在快速城市化过程中保护自然、社会和经济资源提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Post-fire succession of pseudo-taiga larch forest in the Tarvagatai Mountain range, Mongolia 蒙古塔尔瓦格台山脉伪泰加落叶松林的火后演替
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2024-3121
M. Undraa, S. Bazha, B. Oyunsanaa, Chimednyam Dorjsuren
Understanding post-fire recovery and succession is crucial for determining the forest’s further reestablishment rate and development tendency, facilitating the restoration and protection of degraded forests, and planning post-fire forest management. The main aim of this study was to evaluate forest regeneration and reveal the tendency of plant succession after large-scale fire in the Tarvagatai Mountain range, Central Khangai, Mongolia. The monitoring study on post-fire plant succession and regeneration in the forbs-Rhytidium mosses pseudotaiga larch forests was conducted on permanent sample plots from 2007 to 2021 in the forest sites, which were damaged by severe fires in 1996 and 2002. Our results indicated that burned forest was regenerated sufficiently through the several serial stages of post-fire successions as fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium) community (up to 5 years after fire), fireweed-bonfire moss (Funaria hygrometrica) community (from 6 to 10 years), forbs community (11-16 years), grass-forbs young larch forest (17-25 years). Species numbers gradually increased with time in the forest affected by fires, whereas they rose drastically in the forest damaged by fire and livestock browsing due to the increase of ruderal species. In spite of the long recovery period, the post-fire similarity indexes of species composition and coenotic percentage compared with the control forest were relatively low, indicating a slow pre-fire vegetation recovery.
了解火灾后的恢复和演替对于确定森林的进一步重建率和发展趋势、促进退化森林的恢复和保护以及规划火灾后的森林管理至关重要。本研究的主要目的是评估蒙古康乃中部塔尔瓦格台山脉大规模火灾后的森林再生情况,并揭示植物演替的趋势。从 2007 年到 2021 年,我们在 1996 年和 2002 年遭受严重火灾破坏的林地中的永久性样地对草本植物-藓类假太行落叶松林的火灾后植物演替和再生进行了监测研究。我们的研究结果表明,被烧毁的森林在火灾后的几个连续演替阶段得到了充分的再生,如火草(Chamaenerion angustifolium)群落(火灾后最多 5 年)、火草-篝火苔藓(Funaria hygrometrica)群落(6-10 年)、草本植物群落(11-16 年)、草本植物-落叶松幼林(17-25 年)。随着时间的推移,受火灾影响的森林中的物种数量逐渐增加,而在受火灾和牲畜啃食破坏的森林中,由于杂草物种的增加,物种数量急剧上升。尽管恢复期较长,但与对照森林相比,火灾后的物种组成相似度指数和同源物百分比相对较低,表明火灾前植被恢复缓慢。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of tourism on pristine habitats at the Avachinsky Pass (Kamchatka), a World Heritage Site 旅游业对世界遗产阿瓦钦斯基山口(堪察加半岛)原始栖息地的影响
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2024-3111
I. Popov, A. Moiseev, A. Iurmanov, A. Romanov, E. Karpov, K. Orlova, N. Tereshchenko, E. Emets, Y. Lebedev, A. Gnedenko
The volcanoes of Kamchatka are a World Heritage Site. They are of aesthetic, conservation, and scientific value; therefore, they must be protected from negative anthropogenic influences. However, according to the recent assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, this site inspires significant concern. A similar viewpoint was also expressed in the local press. A part of the site, Avachinsky Pass, inspires a particular concern. This is a place between the volcanoes Koryaksky and Avachinsky. An excessive number of visitors was considered the main threat because it resulted in the trampling of soil and the extirpation of threatened animals. We performed a survey of the Avachinsky Pass aiming to estimate its state. Based on aerial pictures and observation we composed a scheme of habitats over the area around Avachinsky Pass revealing the disturbed plots of land. Moreover, we registered vertebrates considering them as biological indicators. It became clear that tourism has a significant impact on the state of the Avachinsky Pass, but the affected area is relatively small. Despite a large number of visitors, the survey revealed high biodiversity. We registered 19 species of birds and 9 species of mammals. Among them, black-capped marmots are especially informative as they have a settled way of life; they do occur on the Pass. The absence of grazing and logging contributes to the conservation of elfin forests and other plant communities on the slopes making the object resistant to anthropogenic impacts. Off-road vehicles pose the biggest threat to bare-ground revegetation.
堪察加半岛的火山是世界遗产。它们具有美学、保护和科学价值;因此,必须保护它们免受人类活动的负面影响。然而,根据国际自然保护联盟最近的评估,该遗址引起了极大的关注。当地媒体也表达了类似的观点。阿瓦钦斯基山口的一部分尤其令人担忧。这里位于科里亚克斯克火山和阿瓦钦斯基火山之间。过多的游客被认为是主要威胁,因为这会导致土壤被践踏和受威胁动物的灭绝。我们对阿瓦钦斯基山口进行了调查,目的是评估其状况。根据航拍图片和观察结果,我们绘制了阿瓦钦斯基山口周边地区的生境图,揭示了受干扰的地块。此外,我们还将脊椎动物作为生物指标进行了登记。很明显,旅游业对阿瓦钦斯基山口的状况有很大影响,但受影响的区域相对较小。尽管游客人数众多,但调查显示生物多样性很高。我们登记了 19 种鸟类和 9 种哺乳动物。其中,黑顶旱獭的信息量特别大,因为它们有固定的生活方式;它们确实在山口出现过。由于没有放牧和伐木,山坡上的精灵林和其他植物群落得以保存,从而使其免受人类活动的影响。越野车是裸地植被重建的最大威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Unraveling the spatial dynamics: exploring the urban form characteristics and COVID-19 cases in Yogyakarta city, Indonesia 揭示空间动态:探索印度尼西亚日惹市的城市形态特征和 COVID-19 案例
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2024-2917
N. Purwono, I. Hutama, Bambang H. Wibisono
The urban area is a spatial system that significantly impacts residents’ health risks. Despite the fact that urban areas house only 55% of the global population, they account for 95% of COVID-19 cases, highlighting the urgent need to understand the role of the urban environment in disease spread. This research explores the critical impact of urban form characteristics on public health risks, focusing primarily on the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission. The aim of the study study is to elucidate the spatial association between urban form elements such as connectivity, density, and heterogeneity and the incidence of COVID-19 cases, with a specific focus on Yogyakarta. Using global (OLS) and local (GWR) spatial regression models, we analyzed the relationship between these elements and COVID-19 prevalence at the neighborhood level rigorously. Our findings reveal a pronounced spatial correlation, particularly highlighting the significance of connectivity and heterogeneity. These factors explain over 95% of the variance in case numbers, while density shows no substantial link. This study’s originality lies in its hypothesis-driven examination of urban form impact on COVID-19 transmission, providing new insights into the spatial determinants of health risks in urban settings. Practical implications of our research are profound, providing evidencebased guidance for urban planning and disaster preparedness strategies to mitigate future health crises better. The study contributes valuable insights into designing healthier and more sustainable urban environments by providing a nuanced understanding of how the urban form influences the spread of disease.
城市是一个对居民健康风险有重大影响的空间系统。尽管城市人口仅占全球人口的 55%,但却占 COVID-19 病例的 95%,这凸显了了解城市环境在疾病传播中的作用的迫切性。本研究探讨了城市形态特征对公共卫生风险的关键影响,主要侧重于 COVID-19 的传播动态。本研究旨在阐明城市形态要素(如连通性、密度和异质性)与 COVID-19 病例发生率之间的空间关联,并特别关注日惹。我们使用全局(OLS)和局部(GWR)空间回归模型,严格分析了这些要素与邻里层面 COVID-19 发病率之间的关系。我们的研究结果显示了明显的空间相关性,尤其突出了连通性和异质性的重要性。这些因素解释了病例数 95% 以上的差异,而密度则没有显示出实质性的联系。这项研究的独创性在于,它以假设为导向,探讨了城市形态对 COVID-19 传播的影响,为研究城市环境中健康风险的空间决定因素提供了新的视角。我们的研究具有深远的现实意义,为城市规划和备灾策略提供了循证指导,从而更好地缓解未来的健康危机。通过对城市形态如何影响疾病传播的细致了解,这项研究为设计更健康、更可持续的城市环境提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Burned area detection using convolutional neural network based on spatial information of synthetic aperture radar data in Indonesia 利用基于合成孔径雷达数据空间信息的卷积神经网络检测印度尼西亚的烧毁区域
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2024-3109
A. I. Lestari, D. Kushardono, A. A. Bayanuddin
Forest and land fires are disasters that often occur in Indonesia which affects neighbouring countries. The burned area can be observed using remote sensing. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor data is advantageous since it can penetrate clouds and smoke. However, image analysis of SAR data differs from optical data, which is based on properties such as intensity, texture, and polarimetric feature. This research aims to propose a method to detect burned areas from the extracted feature of Sentinel-1 data. The features were classified using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier. To find the best input features, several classification schemes were tested, including intensity and polarimetric features by applying the Boxcar speckle filter and the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) texture feature without using the Boxcar speckle filter. Additionally, this research investigates the significance of a window size parameter for each scheme. The results show the highest overall accuracy achieved 84% using CNN classification utilizing the GLCM texture features and without conducting the Boxcar speckle filter on the window size of 17×17 pixels when tested on the part region of Pulang Pisau Regency and Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan in 2019. The total burned area was 76,098.6 ha. The use of GLCM texture features without conducting the Boxcar speckle filter as input classification performs better than using intensity and polarimetric features that undergo the Boxcar speckle filter. Combining intensity and polarimetric features with performing the Boxcar speckle filter improves better classification performance over utilizing them separately. Furthermore, the selection of window size also contributes to improve the model performance.
森林和土地火灾是印度尼西亚经常发生的灾害,也影响到邻国。可以利用遥感技术观测被烧毁的区域。合成孔径雷达 (SAR) 传感器数据具有穿透云层和烟雾的优势。然而,合成孔径雷达数据的图像分析不同于光学数据,后者基于强度、纹理和偏振特征等属性。本研究旨在提出一种从哨兵-1 数据提取的特征中检测烧毁区域的方法。使用卷积神经网络(CNN)分类器对特征进行分类。为了找到最佳输入特征,测试了几种分类方案,包括应用 Boxcar斑点滤波器的强度和偏振特征,以及不使用 Boxcar斑点滤波器的灰度共现矩阵(GLCM)纹理特征。此外,本研究还探讨了窗口大小参数对每种方案的重要性。结果表明,2019 年在加里曼丹中部普朗皮绍地区和卡普阿斯地区的部分区域进行测试时,利用 GLCM 纹理特征的 CNN 分类法在不使用 Boxcar斑点滤波器的情况下,窗口大小为 17×17 像素,总体准确率达到 84%。烧毁总面积为 76,098.6 公顷。与使用经过 Boxcar斑点滤波器的强度和偏振特征相比,使用未经过 Boxcar斑点滤波器的 GLCM 纹理特征作为输入分类的效果更好。将强度和偏振特征与箱形斑点滤波器相结合,比单独使用这两种特征更能提高分类性能。此外,窗口大小的选择也有助于提高模型的性能。
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引用次数: 0
The 3Ps (profits, problems & planning) of dams as inevitable developmental source: a review 大坝作为不可避免的发展源泉的 3P(利润、问题和规划):综述
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2024-2661
Nidhi Jasrotia, Ripudaman Singh
Since the beginning of river valley civilizations, humans have sought to harness the potential of flowing waters. The monumental structures of dams have been instrumental in damming these flowing waters and providing a wide range of benefits to society, including irrigation, drinking water, and generating clean energy. The present paper reviews in detail the hydropower reservoirs (dams) and presents a broader depiction of the 3Ps associated with their profits, problems, and planning. A literature review pertaining to dam construction and their impacts has been undertaken to analyze various approaches involving studies on socio-economic and environmental indicators and sustainability/risk factors related to dams. Various online search engines have been used to identify the desired studies and research for review. The first section of the paper gives a detailed account of the contribution (i.e., profits) made by dams to the economic development of humanity. The second part presents the negative social and environmental impacts (i.e., problems) of dams. As the paper proceeds, numerous tools/models analyzed during the literature review are presented that can be used to mitigate the negative fallouts of these dams (i.e., planning). However, it has been found that all these methods provide fragmented information with no certainty regarding which essential aspects require more emphasis while planning for these superstructures. Thus, a basic uniform frame is suggested, showcasing the fundamental and most critical aspects to be considered while planning a dam structure, which are described according to the three phases of dam construction, i.e., pre-construction, construction, and post-construction phases. While presenting the 3Ps (profits, problems and planning) of dams and analyzing their pitfalls, the 3Is (innovative keys) are recommended, emphasizing innovative technologies, innovative planning, and innovative solutions, which are needed in making these dams more optimal, judicious, and sustainable.
自河谷文明诞生以来,人类就一直试图利用流水的潜力。大坝这种不朽的建筑在拦截流水方面发挥了重要作用,并为社会带来了广泛的利益,包括灌溉、饮用水和产生清洁能源。本文详细回顾了水力发电站水库(大坝),并对与其利润、问题和规划相关的 3P 进行了更广泛的描述。本文回顾了与大坝建设及其影响相关的文献,分析了涉及社会经济和环境指标研究的各种方法以及与大坝相关的可持续性/风险因素。我们使用了各种在线搜索引擎,以确定所需的研究,并进行审查。本文第一部分详细介绍了大坝对人类经济发展的贡献(即利润)。第二部分介绍了大坝对社会和环境的负面影响(即问题)。接下来,本文介绍了在文献综述中分析出的许多工具/模型,这些工具/模型可用于减轻这些大坝的负面影响(即规划)。然而,我们发现所有这些方法所提供的信息都是零散的,无法确定在规划这些上层建筑时需要更加重视哪些重要方面。因此,我们提出了一个基本的统一框架,展示了在规划大坝结构时需要考虑的最基本、最关键的方面,并根据大坝建设的三个阶段,即建设前、建设中和建设后阶段进行了描述。在介绍大坝的 3P(利润、问题和规划)并分析其隐患的同时,还推荐了 3I(创新关键),强调创新技术、创新规划和创新解决方案,这些都是使这些大坝更加优化、明智和可持续发展所必需的。
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引用次数: 0
Land suitability of coffee cultivation under climate change influence in the Ecuadorian Amazon 气候变化影响下厄瓜多尔亚马逊地区咖啡种植的土地适宜性
Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2024-2969
Marco O. V. Montero, Aurora A. Ariza, Nancy M. Barreno, H. Figueroa-Saavedra, Andrea F. Porras, Yul Aguilar, Wladimir Moya
In this study, the influence of climate change on land suitability for coffee cultivation in the Ecuadorian Amazon (EA) was investigated using five global circulation models (GCMs) in two different socioeconomic pathways (SSP126 and SSP585). Eleven physioedaphological factors were selected for the analysis and were combined with the most influential bioclimatic variables to model past, present and future suitable areas in five provinces of the EA. In assessing past suitability areas, key determinants varied based on land suitability levels. High suitability areas were primarily influenced by factors such as texture, organic matter content, soil fertility, soil depth, slope, and aspect, while pH, salinity, toxicity, drainage, and stoniness were more associated with moderate suitability areas. The present high suitability areas were influenced by texture, organic matter content, soil fertility, soil depth, and slope, whereas aspect, pH, salinity, toxicity, drainage, and stoniness were more prominent in modeling moderate areas. The ensemble estimation model projected distinct future scenarios for coffee cultivation; under the worst climate scenario (SSP585), Zamora Chinchipe and Morona Santiago, particularly in the east, face considerable unsuitability. Conversely, the more favorable scenario (SSP126) indicates high suitability across Pastaza, Orellana, and Sucumbios, with limited suitability in border areas adjacent to the Highland region. This study highlights the importance of implementing timely adaptation strategies to improve resilience to climate change impacts in the coffee sector.
在本研究中,我们利用五个全球环流模型(GCMs),在两种不同的社会经济路径(SSP126 和 SSP585)下,研究了气候变化对厄瓜多尔亚马逊地区(EA)咖啡种植土地适宜性的影响。分析中选择了 11 个物理-地貌因素,并将其与最具影响力的生物气候变量相结合,以模拟厄瓜多尔亚马逊地区五个省份过去、现在和未来的适宜区域。在评估过去的适宜地区时,主要决定因素因土地适宜程度而异。高适宜性地区主要受质地、有机质含量、土壤肥力、土层深度、坡度和地势等因素的影响,而 pH 值、盐度、毒性、排水性和石质则与中等适宜性地区有较大关系。目前的高适宜性地区受纹理、有机质含量、土壤肥力、土层深度和坡度的影响,而在建模中等适宜性地区时,坡度、pH 值、盐度、毒性、排水性和石质更为突出。集合估算模型为咖啡种植预测了不同的未来情景;在最恶劣的气候情景(SSP585)下,萨莫拉-钦奇佩(Zamora Chinchipe)和莫罗纳-圣地亚哥(Morona Santiago),尤其是东部地区,面临着相当大的不适宜性。相反,在较有利的情景(SSP126)下,帕斯塔萨、奥雷亚纳和苏昆比奥斯地区的适宜性较高,而与高地相邻的边境地区适宜性有限。这项研究强调了及时实施适应战略以提高咖啡行业抵御气候变化影响能力的重要性。
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Geography, Environment, Sustainability
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