Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing of nanomaterial composite inks and their applications

The utilization of high-resolution printed flexible electronic devices is prevalent in various fields, including energy storage, intelligent healthcare monitoring, soft robotics, and intelligent human–machine interaction, owing to its compact nature and mechanical flexibility. The EHD jet printing technology has the potential to develop the field of printing industry through its ability to fabricate high-resolution, flexible, stretchable, and 3D structures for electronic applications such as displays, sensors, and transistors. The EHD jet printing technology involves the use of solution-based inks made of diverse functional materials to print a wide range of structures. Consequently, it is imperative to have a comprehensive understanding of nanomaterial composites that are printed using EHD jet printing technology. This review provides a thorough overview of nanomaterial composite inks printed for electronic devices using EHD jet printing technology. In particular, a comprehensive overview has been provided about the utilization of EHD jet printing for nanomaterial composites in several domains, including flexible electrodes, flexible displays, transistors, energy harvesting, sensors, and biomedical applications. Moreover, this analysis presents a concise overview of the limitations and prospective future directions for nanomaterial composites fabricated by EHD jet printing.