Advances in tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting for corneal regeneration

Blindness resulting from corneal damage affects millions of people worldwide. The scarcity of corneal donors adds a layer of complexity to patient treatment. Consequently, exploring artificial cornea substitutes has become imperative in the realm of clinical research. Scientific advancements have ushered in a plethora of innovative solutions, including keratoprostheses or decellularized cornea scaffolds. The development of three-dimensional (3D) printing has further expanded the horizons of research in this field, delving into the feasibility of bioprinted corneas and yielding numerous promising outcomes. However, the manufacturing of corneal products via 3D printing poses a substantial challenge, demanding a meticulous selection of materials and techniques to ensure the transparency and preservation of the optical and mechanical properties of the artificial cornea. In the review, we present the artificial cornea substitutes. Additionally, we aim to provide a concise overview of the 3D printing techniques and materials applicable to corneal bioprinting.