Deep dive into the underlying cause of the carbon loss and the associated chemical processes in fatty acid hydrodeoxygenation over Ni@Hβ catalyst

Identification of the underlying cause of carbon loss in fatty acid hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) on the acidic catalyst is very important to understand the reaction mechanism and design high efficiency catalyst for biomass conversion. Herein, HDO reactions of palmitic acid catalyzed by Ni supported on mesoporous Beta (HBeta-M) zeolites with different acidities were investigated. It was found that a significant carbon loss (47.5%) occurred during the entire reaction process on Ni/HBeta-M catalyst with high acid density. This is because the hexadecyl ether intermediate was formed and trapped in the porous structure of the catalyst and interacted with strong acidic sites. On the Ni/HBeta-M-0.5 catalyst with medium acid density, carbon loss occurred in the initial reaction stage because hexadecanol was trapped in the porous catalyst. Investigations further demonstrated that the hexadecyl ether intermediate can also be converted to hexadecanol and hexadecane via hydrogenolysis on Brønsted acid and Ni sites.