Performance study of low temperature air heated rock bed thermal energy storage system

One of the primary types of sensible heat storage systems in drying applications is the packed rock bed. However, to create large-scale heat storage systems for industrial use, one must comprehend the hydrodynamic and effectiveness of the heat transport mechanism inside the bed. In this study, the thermal storage unit uses river rock as heat storage materials with equivalent particle diameters of 36 mm in bed 1 and 56 mm in bed 2. The rocks were stacked in a truncated cone-shaped concrete wall section with an average diameter and depth of 1.1 m and 1.3 m, respectively and a volume of 2.32 m³. During the charging phase, two airflow configurations were used, one from the top with an air mass flow rate of 0.753 and 0.332 kg/m²-s and the other from the bottom with an air mass flow rate of 0.955 kg/m²-s. During the discharging phase, the entire flow configuration is from the bottom section. It was observed that the mass flow rate and particle equivalent diameter had an important effect on the thermal performance and behaviour of the rock bed during charging and discharging operations. Maximum efficiency was achieved with an airflow configuration provided from the bottom when charging at 0.955 kg/m².s. Consequently, a sizable quantity of heat or energy (60 MJ) was retained. It was also observed that the relationship between air mass flow rate and particle size was significant, with smaller particles retaining more energy. When comparing bed 1 with bed 2 at this air mass flow rate, bed 1 stored 2.1 times more energy than bed 2. A wind tunnel experiment was used to measure the pressure drop in the packed rock bed. The pressure drop in the bed increases with an increase in particle Reynolds number and decreases with an increase in particle size. Rock bed heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number were calculated using the correlation that has already been established in the literature smaller particles showed higher heat transfer coefficients and lower Nusselt numbers. This is due to the increase in particle-to-particle interaction and larger particle surface areas. For a given Reynolds number, the Nusselt number increases with the size of the rock particle.