Singlet oxygen production of Zn-Ag-In-S quantum dots for photodynamic treatment of cancer cells and bacteria.

Zn-Ag-In-S (ZAIS) quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized with various Ag-to-In ratios and used as novel photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) on cancer cell inhibition and bacterial sterilization, and their structural, optical, and photodynamic properties were investigated. The alloyed QDs displayed a photoluminescence quantum yield of 72% with a long fluorescence lifetime of 5.3 μs when the Ag-to-In ratio was 1:3, suggesting a good opportunity as a dual functional platform for fluorescence imaging and PDT. The ZAIS QDs were then coated with amphiphilic brush copolymer poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAO) before application. The ¹O₂ quantum yield of the ZAIS/PMAO was measured to be 8%, which was higher than previously reported CdSe QDs and comparable to some organic photosensitizers. Moreover, the ZAIS QDs showed excellent stability in aqueous and biological media, unlike organic photosensitizers that tend to degrade over time. The in vitro PDT against human melanoma cell line (A2058) and Staphylococcus aureus shows about 30% inhibition rate upon 20 min light irradiation. Cell staining images clearly demonstrated that co-treatment with ZAIS QDs and light irradiation effectively killed A2058 cells, demonstrating the potential of ZAIS QDs as novel and versatile photosensitizers for PDT in cancer and bacterial treatment, and provides useful information for future designing of QD-based photosensitizers.