Surveying image segmentation approaches in astronomy

Image segmentation plays a critical role in unlocking the mysteries of the universe, providing astronomers with a clearer perspective on celestial objects within complex astronomical images and data cubes. Manual segmentation, while traditional, is not only time-consuming but also susceptible to biases introduced by human intervention. As a result, automated segmentation methods have become essential for achieving robust and consistent results in astronomical studies. This review begins by summarizing traditional and classical segmentation methods widely used in astronomical tasks. Despite the significant improvements these methods have brought to segmentation outcomes, they fail to meet astronomers’ expectations, requiring additional human correction, further intensifying the labor-intensive nature of the segmentation process. The review then focuses on the transformative impact of machine learning, particularly deep learning, on segmentation tasks in astronomy. It introduces state-of-the-art machine learning approaches, highlighting their applications and the remarkable advancements they bring to segmentation accuracy in both astronomical images and data cubes. As the field of machine learning continues to evolve rapidly, it is anticipated that astronomers will increasingly leverage these sophisticated techniques to enhance segmentation tasks in their research projects. In essence, this review serves as a comprehensive guide to the evolution of segmentation methods in astronomy, emphasizing the transition from classical approaches to cutting-edge machine learning methodologies. We encourage astronomers to embrace these advancements, fostering a more streamlined and accurate segmentation process that aligns with the ever-expanding frontiers of astronomical exploration.