{"title":"注意差距:区分圆盘子结构及其对内部圆盘组成的影响","authors":"Jingyi Mah, Sofia Savvidou, Bertram Bitsch","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/202450322","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Improved observational technologies have enabled the resolution of substructures and the measurement of chemical abundances in protoplanetary discs. Understanding the chemical composition of the inner disc allows us to infer the building blocks available for planet formation. Recently, the depletion of water in the inner disc has been suggested to be linked to the presence of substructures, such as gaps and rings, further out in the disc. We investigate this hypothesis further by running 1D semi-analytical models of a protoplanetary disc with a gap to understand the combined effects of disc viscosity, gap depth, gap location, and gap formation timescales on the composition of the inner disc (water abundance, C/O, O/H, and C/H ratios). Our results show that for a specific value of disc viscosity, the simulation outcome can be classified into three regimes: shallow gap, “traffic jam”, and deep gap. While deep gaps may already be distinguishable with moderate-resolution (<i>FWHM<i/> ∼ 10 AU) techniques, it is still challenging to resolve shallow gaps with the current capabilities. On the other hand, discs with traffic jams have a higher chance of being resolved when observed with a high resolution (<i>FWHM<i/> ≲ 5 AU), but they may appear as an intensity enhancement or even featureless when observed with moderate to low angular resolution (<i>FWHM<i/> ≳ 10 AU). In this regard, information on the inner disc composition is useful because it can help to infer the existence of traffic jams or distinguish them from deep gaps: discs with deep gaps are expected to have a low water content – and thus high C/O ratio in the inner disc due to the effective blocking of pebbles – while discs with shallow gaps would demonstrate the opposite trend (water-rich and low C/O ratio). Furthermore, discs with a traffic jam would have a constant (albeit low) inward flux of water-rich pebbles resulting in a moderate water content and sub-stellar C/O ratios. Finally, we find that the effectiveness of gaps as pebble barriers diminishes quickly when they form late (<i>t<i/><sub>gap<sub/> ≳ 0.1 Myr), as most of the pebbles have already drifted inwards.","PeriodicalId":8571,"journal":{"name":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Mind the gap: Distinguishing disc substructures and their impact on the inner disc composition\",\"authors\":\"Jingyi Mah, Sofia Savvidou, Bertram Bitsch\",\"doi\":\"10.1051/0004-6361/202450322\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Improved observational technologies have enabled the resolution of substructures and the measurement of chemical abundances in protoplanetary discs. Understanding the chemical composition of the inner disc allows us to infer the building blocks available for planet formation. Recently, the depletion of water in the inner disc has been suggested to be linked to the presence of substructures, such as gaps and rings, further out in the disc. We investigate this hypothesis further by running 1D semi-analytical models of a protoplanetary disc with a gap to understand the combined effects of disc viscosity, gap depth, gap location, and gap formation timescales on the composition of the inner disc (water abundance, C/O, O/H, and C/H ratios). Our results show that for a specific value of disc viscosity, the simulation outcome can be classified into three regimes: shallow gap, “traffic jam”, and deep gap. While deep gaps may already be distinguishable with moderate-resolution (<i>FWHM<i/> ∼ 10 AU) techniques, it is still challenging to resolve shallow gaps with the current capabilities. On the other hand, discs with traffic jams have a higher chance of being resolved when observed with a high resolution (<i>FWHM<i/> ≲ 5 AU), but they may appear as an intensity enhancement or even featureless when observed with moderate to low angular resolution (<i>FWHM<i/> ≳ 10 AU). In this regard, information on the inner disc composition is useful because it can help to infer the existence of traffic jams or distinguish them from deep gaps: discs with deep gaps are expected to have a low water content – and thus high C/O ratio in the inner disc due to the effective blocking of pebbles – while discs with shallow gaps would demonstrate the opposite trend (water-rich and low C/O ratio). Furthermore, discs with a traffic jam would have a constant (albeit low) inward flux of water-rich pebbles resulting in a moderate water content and sub-stellar C/O ratios. Finally, we find that the effectiveness of gaps as pebble barriers diminishes quickly when they form late (<i>t<i/><sub>gap<sub/> ≳ 0.1 Myr), as most of the pebbles have already drifted inwards.\",\"PeriodicalId\":8571,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Astronomy & Astrophysics\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":5.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-06-21\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Astronomy & Astrophysics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"101\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450322\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"物理与天体物理\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Astronomy & Astrophysics","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450322","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Mind the gap: Distinguishing disc substructures and their impact on the inner disc composition
Improved observational technologies have enabled the resolution of substructures and the measurement of chemical abundances in protoplanetary discs. Understanding the chemical composition of the inner disc allows us to infer the building blocks available for planet formation. Recently, the depletion of water in the inner disc has been suggested to be linked to the presence of substructures, such as gaps and rings, further out in the disc. We investigate this hypothesis further by running 1D semi-analytical models of a protoplanetary disc with a gap to understand the combined effects of disc viscosity, gap depth, gap location, and gap formation timescales on the composition of the inner disc (water abundance, C/O, O/H, and C/H ratios). Our results show that for a specific value of disc viscosity, the simulation outcome can be classified into three regimes: shallow gap, “traffic jam”, and deep gap. While deep gaps may already be distinguishable with moderate-resolution (FWHM ∼ 10 AU) techniques, it is still challenging to resolve shallow gaps with the current capabilities. On the other hand, discs with traffic jams have a higher chance of being resolved when observed with a high resolution (FWHM ≲ 5 AU), but they may appear as an intensity enhancement or even featureless when observed with moderate to low angular resolution (FWHM ≳ 10 AU). In this regard, information on the inner disc composition is useful because it can help to infer the existence of traffic jams or distinguish them from deep gaps: discs with deep gaps are expected to have a low water content – and thus high C/O ratio in the inner disc due to the effective blocking of pebbles – while discs with shallow gaps would demonstrate the opposite trend (water-rich and low C/O ratio). Furthermore, discs with a traffic jam would have a constant (albeit low) inward flux of water-rich pebbles resulting in a moderate water content and sub-stellar C/O ratios. Finally, we find that the effectiveness of gaps as pebble barriers diminishes quickly when they form late (tgap ≳ 0.1 Myr), as most of the pebbles have already drifted inwards.
期刊介绍:
Astronomy & Astrophysics is an international Journal that publishes papers on all aspects of astronomy and astrophysics (theoretical, observational, and instrumental) independently of the techniques used to obtain the results.