华盛顿特区都会区道路密度和道路特征与每日出行时车内 PM2.5 的短期关联

Jenna R. Krall, Jonathan Thornburg, Ting Zhang, Anna Z. Pollack, Yi-Ching Lee, Michelle McCombs, Lucas R. F. Henneman
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引用次数: 0

摘要

每天接触更多的细颗粒物空气污染(PM2.5)与发病率的增加有关,但在较短时间内(如每小时)接触更多的细颗粒物空气污染可能也是一个原因。交通是增加瞬时污染暴露的环境。在通勤过程中,行驶的道路和附近的道路(即周围的道路密度)都可能对 PM2.5 暴露的增加起作用。我们使用个人监测仪获得了 25 名参与者 2311 分钟通勤时间内的车内 PM2.5 暴露情况,并通过 GPS 数据获得了道路特征,包括道路密度和道路类型(如高速公路与地方道路)。我们以 500 米和 1000 米的分辨率考虑了周围高速公路和地方道路的密度。我们采用具有随机截距和自回归误差的线性混合效应模型来估计道路特征与车内 PM2.5 分钟均值之间的关系。在 1 公里分辨率下,比较公路道路密度的最高四分位数与最低四分位数,PM2.5 的对数差异为 0.09 log μg/m3(95% 置信区间:0,0.19),这与在公路上行驶与在地方道路上行驶的差异(0.07 log μg/m3(95% 置信区间:0.00,0.14))相似。当地道路密度和 500 米分辨率削弱了估计差异。结果对气象和环境 PM2.5 的调整是稳健的。与车速和道路类型等道路特征不同,周围道路密度在运输过程中较难改变。因此,道路选择可能不会对个人 PM2.5 暴露产生很大影响。
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Short-Term Associations of Road Density and Road Features with In-Vehicle PM2.5 during Daily Trips in the Washington, D.C. Metro Area
Increased daily exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) is associated with increased morbidity, yet high exposures over shorter timeframes (e.g., hourly) may also play a role. Transportation is a milieu for increased transient pollution exposures. Both the road traveled and nearby roadways (i.e., surrounding road density) may play a role in increased PM2.5 exposure during commutes. For 2311 min of commutes, corresponding to 25 participants, we obtained in-vehicle PM2.5 exposures using personal monitors and, through GPS data, road features, including road density and road type (e.g., highway vs. local roads). We considered the density of both the surrounding highways and the local roads at 500 m and 1000 m resolutions. We estimated associations of road features with minute-averaged in-vehicle PM2.5 by applying linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts and autoregressive errors. The difference in log PM2.5, comparing the highest vs. lowest quartile of highway road density at 1 km resolution, was 0.09 log μg/m3 (95% confidence interval: 0, 0.19), which was similar to the difference between driving on highways vs. local roads (0.07 log μg/m3 (95% confidence interval: 0.00, 0.14)). Estimated differences were attenuated for local road density and 500 m resolution. The results were robust to adjustment for meteorology and ambient PM2.5. Unlike road features such as speed and road type, the surrounding road density is less modifiable during transportation. Therefore, road choice may not have a large impact on personal PM2.5 exposures.
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