Empirical orthogonal function analysis of lightning flashes over India

Lightning studies are highly focused on spatial and temporal variability in various scales but very limited studies are focused on dominant spatial modes of variability. This study intends to identify the possible spatial modes of climate variability of lightning over India during different seasons and relate them to regional and large-scale climate modes. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of lightning has been carried out and the first three orthogonally independent modes are considered in order to retrieve the maximum variance explained by each mode. To understand the role of remote and local teleconnections on the lightning flash rate (LFR) variability, we have analyzed two Pacific Ocean modes (El Niño Southern Oscillation; ENSO, Pacific Decadal Oscillation; PDO) and two Indian Ocean modes (Indian Ocean Dipole; IOD and Bay of Bengal (BOB) meridional Sea Surface Temperature (SST) gradient). First mode is positively correlated with the warm phase of ENSO and PDO whereas second and third modes are negatively correlated with the warm phase of ENSO and PDO during pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter. Reverse is true for the monsoon season due to the shift in walker cell caused by the changes in the location of the heat sources and sinks. A strong positive correlation of IOD and BOB meridional SST gradient with first mode, suggests the vital role of nearby Indian Ocean in explaining the typical lightning flashes over India due to the enhanced zonal and meridional circulation, thereby moisture supply to the Indian subcontinent. The impact of Nino-3.4, IOD and BOB meridional SST gradient on lightning over India further suggest the role of SST in local and remote influence on lightning variability through the distribution and transport of heat and moisture.