Manipulating the crystallization kinetics of halide perovskites for large-area solar modules

In the last decade, laboratory-scale single-junction perovskite solar cells have achieved a remarkable power conversion efficiency exceeding 26.1%. However, the transition to industrial-scale production has unveiled a significant efficiency gap. The central challenge lies in the difficulty of achieving uniform, high-quality perovskite films on a large scale. To tackle this issue, various innovative strategies for manipulating crystallization have emerged in recent years. Based on an in-depth fundamental understanding of the nucleation and growth mechanisms in large-area perovskite films prepared through blade/slot-die coating methods, this review offers a critical examination of crystallization manipulation strategies for large-area perovskite solar modules. Lastly, we explore future avenues aimed at enhancing the efficiency and stability of large-area PSMs, thereby steering the field toward commercially viable applications. A key challenge in scaling-up the synthesis of perovskite solar cells is ensuring the same crystal quality in a large-area device as on the lab scale. This Review discusses how perovskite crystallization kinetics can be controlled, so to achieve high power conversion efficiency and stability.