Multiyear tourism-related feeding reduces short- and long-term local space use in a marine apex predator

By changing the spatiotemporal availability of resources, tourism-related feeding can have potentially detrimental impacts on the movement ecology of animals, thus possibly undermining its own conservation benefits. A lack of baseline data on natural behaviour and the noninclusion of observation data that adequately incorporates the previous experience of animals with tourism-related feeding have generated contradictory results, causing the true impacts of feeding to remain obscure. Further, the relationship between the energy consumption of fed animals and their space use remains unexplored. Here, we coupled passive acoustic telemetry with previously published observation data at a tourism-related feeding site to investigate how direct feeding affects space use and residency patterns of great hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna mokarran, in Bimini, The Bahamas, at various timescales (ranging from days to 8 years). We first constructed movement models for 28 known fed and naïve sharks (i.e. those that were present at the study site but never attended feeding events) to quantify differences in space use and spatial overlap between those groups. We then compared bait uptake of fed sharks with their space use. Fed sharks showed a marked reduction in space use in response to feeding events and an amplification of these impacts over 5 consecutive years. In contrast, naïve shark space use remained unchanged over the same period. The seasonal residency of fed and naïve great hammerheads remained stable across 8 years, with the sharks leaving the study site during the summer of each year. Our study underscores how the intensification of tourism-related direct feeding progressively alters the space use of apex predators across short and long timescales, with enduring effects on fed animals. Our study further highlights the utility of a naïve animal group for assessing feeding impacts in the absence of baseline data.