Animal Behaviour最新文献

Selection of timescales to study social network temporal dynamics in vultures 选择时间尺度研究秃鹫社会网络时间动态

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123442

Kaija Gahm , Elvira D’Bastiani , Nili Anglister , Gideon Vaadia , Marta Acácio , Orr Spiegel , Noa Pinter-Wollman

Animal social interaction patterns change over time, but the continuous nature of social interactions makes selecting a timescale for studying the temporal dynamics of social networks challenging. We applied both a heuristic approach and a multilayer reducibility analysis approach to study timescales of change in social networks of free-ranging griffon vultures, Gyps fulvus. We analysed social networks in two behavioural situations: in-flight interactions, which we expected to fluctuate seasonally but to exhibit a relatively constant pattern of change at subseasonal scales; and diurnal ground interactions, such as while feeding, which we expected to show a pulsed temporal pattern following carcass availability. The heuristic method confirmed the suitability of a 3–10-day aggregation window for studying temporal change in vulture social networks, which matches their feeding dynamics. It also highlighted how examining a variety of timescales of aggregation can offer different insights about network change patterns. Multilayer reducibility analysis confirmed that substantial change occurred at every aggregation timescale we tested, with no redundancy in network layers; that is, social interactions in this population were not oversampled. However, it revealed more similarity between chronologically nonadjacent layers in the feeding networks as compared to the flight networks, further supporting the influence of carcass availability as a driver of co-feeding network structure. Multilayer reducibility analysis over a multiseason timescale did not reveal structural similarities by season, likely due to substantial differences in population composition and tag coverage between seasons. We discuss the benefits and limitations of both the heuristic method and multilayer reducibility network analysis as tools for studying long-term animal social network structural change.

动物的社会互动模式随着时间的推移而变化，但社会互动的连续性使得选择一个时间尺度来研究社会网络的时间动态具有挑战性。本文采用启发式方法和多层可约性分析方法对自由放养的狮鹫（Gyps fulvus）社会网络变化的时间尺度进行了研究。我们分析了两种行为情况下的社会网络：飞行中的互动，我们预计会随季节波动，但在亚季节尺度上表现出相对恒定的变化模式；以及白天的地面相互作用，例如进食时，我们预计会显示出随胴体可用性变化的脉冲时间模式。启发式方法证实了一个3 - 10天的聚集窗口适合于研究秃鹫社会网络的时间变化，这与秃鹫的摄食动态相匹配。它还强调了如何检查聚合的各种时间尺度可以提供关于网络变化模式的不同见解。多层可约性分析证实，在我们测试的每个聚合时间尺度上都发生了实质性变化，网络层中没有冗余；也就是说，这个人群中的社会互动没有被过度抽样。然而，与飞行网络相比，它揭示了进食网络中时间顺序上不相邻层之间的相似性，进一步支持胴体可利用性作为共同摄食网络结构驱动因素的影响。在多季节时间尺度上的多层可约性分析并没有揭示出不同季节的结构相似性，这可能是由于不同季节之间种群组成和标签覆盖的实质性差异。我们讨论了启发式方法和多层可还原性网络分析作为研究长期动物社会网络结构变化的工具的优点和局限性。

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引用次数: 0

Temperature preference and temperature tolerance are wired differently in Drosophila 果蝇的温度偏好和温度耐受性是不同的

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123438

Avirup Chakraborty, Subhash Rajpurohit

Thermal preference, heat tolerance and heat survivability are key determinants for the adaptation and survival of an organism in a warming world. These temperature parameters are crucial for ectotherms, as these organisms cannot maintain their internal body temperatures. This study investigates thermal choice and performance under stressful temperatures in an outbred population of Drosophila melanogaster collected from the Western Himalayan orchards. A significant within-population variation was observed in all the traits. When isofemale lines were exposed to a thermal gradient (15–35 °C), most lines preferred the colder and the medium temperature zones more than the hotter zone. A static heat knockdown assay at 39 °C revealed widespread differences across lines. At the same temperature, a heat survival assay emphasized the differences in resilience and showed high phenotypic variability within the population. Notably, a highly significant positive correlation emerged between heat tolerance and heat survivability, indicating that lines more resistant to heat knockdown also had higher heat survivability. Interestingly, no relationships were observed between temperature stress traits and thermal preference. Within-population variations in the phenotypes of these thermal traits indicate wider colonization of this species across continents.

热偏好、耐热性和热生存能力是生物在变暖世界中适应和生存的关键决定因素。这些温度参数对变温动物至关重要，因为这些生物无法维持体内温度。本研究调查了喜玛拉雅西部果园的黑腹果蝇近交种群在压力温度下的热选择和表现。所有性状均存在显著的群体内变异。在温度梯度（15 ~ 35℃）条件下，大多数系对低温区和中温区的偏好大于对高温区的偏好。39°C的静态热敲除实验显示了不同系之间的广泛差异。在相同的温度下，热生存试验强调了恢复力的差异，并显示了种群内的高表型变异性。值得注意的是，耐热性与热生存能力之间存在高度显著的正相关关系，这表明耐热性越强的品系也具有更高的热生存能力。有趣的是，温度应力性状与热偏好之间没有关系。这些热性状表型的种群内变异表明该物种在各大洲的定殖范围更广。

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引用次数: 0

Experimenters' assumptions and animals' perceptions: observer bias in temporal-discrimination tasks 实验者的假设与动物的感知：时间歧视任务中的观察者偏差

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123466

Carlos Pinto

In laboratory studies of animal behaviour, interpretations of how a task is learned or of which stimulus characteristics are attended to are, ultimately, inferences. So, there is always potential for experimenter assumptions to be at odds with what an animal learns from a task. The study of choice biases has been fertile ground for revealing another kind of bias: observer bias. This paper reviews a series of studies featuring a matching-to-sample task where, following the presentation of a stimulus, a choice had to be made between two options. The option to be chosen depended on the duration of the initial stimulus. An intertrial interval traditionally separates trials and, in a variation of the task, a delay is introduced before choice. In some cases, task components traditionally considered secondary (such as the intertrial interval) actually become part of what the animals learn from the task. Not only that, but individual animals may also differ in how they use different task components. In addition, delays appear to be interpreted differently across tasks. This paper presents attempts to control for confounds and to clarify what is learned in each task. Biases and task limitations highlight the importance of employing a variety of procedures to study a given phenomenon.

在动物行为的实验室研究中，对一项任务是如何学习的，或者是对哪些刺激特征被关注的解释，最终都是推论。所以，实验者的假设总是有可能与动物从任务中学到的不一致。对选择偏差的研究为揭示另一种偏差提供了肥沃的土壤：观察者偏差。本文回顾了一系列以匹配样本任务为特征的研究，在该任务中，在呈现刺激之后，必须在两个选项之间做出选择。选择何种方案取决于初始刺激的持续时间。传统上用间隔时间来分隔试验，在不同的任务中，在选择之前引入延迟。在某些情况下，传统上被认为是次要的任务成分（如间隔时间）实际上成为动物从任务中学到的一部分。不仅如此，单个动物在使用不同任务组件的方式上也可能有所不同。此外，不同任务对延迟的解释也不同。本文提出了控制混淆的尝试，并澄清在每个任务中学到的东西。偏见和任务限制突出了采用各种程序来研究给定现象的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Revised models still do not show evidence for motivational trade-offs modulating nociception in bees 修正后的模型仍然没有显示出动机权衡调节蜜蜂伤害感觉的证据

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123457

Jenny Read, Vivek Nityananda

引用次数: 0

Erratum to “Towards the integration of collective behaviour and social evolution” [Animal Behaviour 224 (June 2025) 123161] “迈向集体行为与社会进化的整合”的勘误[动物行为224（2025年6月）123161]

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123468

Daniel W.E. Sankey

引用次数: 0

Path minimization during solitary foraging in Aphaenogaster senilis ants 蚁群单独觅食过程中的路径最小化

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123461

Snigdha Mukhopadhyay, Patrizia d’Ettorre

Path minimization, the process of minimizing travel distance to enhance foraging efficiency, has been widely studied across diverse species, ranging from insects, such as honeybees and ants, to vertebrates, such as birds, bats and rodents. In ants, previous research has focused on trail-laying species, where path selection is driven by pheromone concentration gradients with minimal involvement of cognitive processes. In this study, path minimization and the role of individual cognitive abilities in the thermophilic ant Aphaenogaster senilis, which can forage solitarily without laying chemical trails, were investigated. An experimental set-up comprising a bridge between the nest and the foraging arena with four possible paths (one short, two intermediate and one long) was used, where the longest path was 1.5 times the shortest, to evaluate individual- and group-level foraging decisions over three consecutive trials. Results showed that A. senilis ants consistently avoided the longest path for the outbound and homebound journey and significantly preferred the shortest path when transporting food to the nest. In over half of the trips involving the shortest path, the ants chose this path directly. In about 40% of the cases, the ants deviated to the longer path but then turned back to the shorter one. Transitions from the shorter to the longer path were rare, occurring in less than 4% of the cases. These ants also exhibited enhanced foraging efficiency, which is characterized by faster food discovery and increased transport rate across trials. The findings of this study highlight the capacity of A. senilis to improve foraging efficiency through individual decision-making rather than collective pheromone-based processes. This study provides insights into the cognitive mechanism underlying foraging behaviour in nontrail-laying ant species and lays the groundwork for further research into the adaptive foraging strategies of ants.

路径最小化，即最小化行走距离以提高觅食效率的过程，已经在不同物种中得到了广泛的研究，从昆虫，如蜜蜂和蚂蚁，到脊椎动物，如鸟类、蝙蝠和啮齿动物。在蚂蚁中，先前的研究主要集中在路径铺设物种上，其中路径选择是由信息素浓度梯度驱动的，而认知过程的参与最小。本研究研究了嗜热蚁Aphaenogaster senilis的路径最小化和个体认知能力在其独立觅食过程中的作用。实验设置了一个连接巢穴和觅食场所的桥梁，有四条可能的路径（一条短路径，两条中间路径和一条长路径），其中最长路径是最短路径的1.5倍，在连续的三个试验中评估个体和群体层面的觅食决策。结果表明，蚁群在出站和归程中始终避开最长路径，在将食物运送到巢穴时明显倾向于选择最短路径。在超过一半的涉及最短路径的行程中，蚂蚁直接选择了这条路径。在大约40%的情况下，蚂蚁会偏离较长的路径，然后又回到较短的路径。从较短路径过渡到较长的路径是罕见的，发生在不到4%的病例。这些蚂蚁也表现出更高的觅食效率，其特点是更快地发现食物和增加跨试验的运输率。本研究的结果强调了衰老a.s ililis通过个体决策而不是基于集体信息素的过程来提高觅食效率的能力。本研究揭示了非铺路蚂蚁觅食行为的认知机制，为进一步研究蚂蚁的适应性觅食策略奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Guarded encounters: how postcopulatory contact leads to mate recognition in spiders 谨慎的相遇：交配后的接触如何导致蜘蛛的配偶识别

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123449

Lucia Calbacho-Rosa , Franco Cargnelutti , Rocio Palen-Pietri , Eileen A. Hebets , Alfredo V. Peretti

Individuals can benefit from mating with different partners, with females gaining both direct and genetic benefits, and males increasing the number of offspring. Thus, the ability to identify and preferentially mate with new partners should increase individual reproductive success. Here, we aim to determine whether females and males of the marbled cellar spider, Holocnemus pluchei, a species with a promiscuous mating system and postcopulatory mate guarding, can recognize the individual with which they previously mated. We compared the likelihood of males engaging in courtship, the likelihood of females mating a second time and the likelihood of female mating interruptions with the same mates versus new mates. Considering that possible mate recognition may occur during copulation and/or during the postcopulatory guarding period, we conducted a full factorial experiment that considered both the presence or absence of a new male and the presence or absence of postcopulatory guarding. Our results support the hypothesis that both female and male H. pluchei recognize individual mates, as the identity of the second partner (same or new) significantly affected courtship, remating and copulation interruption. Our results indicate that mate recognition exists in both sexes and that postcopulatory guarding plays a crucial role for males in this process. Thus, these findings contribute to a broader understanding of the mechanisms of sexual selection and reproductive strategies in promiscuous species, highlighting the importance of individual recognition for optimizing reproductive success.

个体可以从与不同的伴侣交配中获益，雌性获得直接和遗传上的好处，雄性增加后代的数量。因此，识别和优先与新伴侣交配的能力应该会增加个体的繁殖成功率。在此，我们的目的是确定具有滥交交配系统和交配后配偶保护的大理石地窖蜘蛛（Holocnemus pluchei）的雌性和雄性是否能够识别它们以前交配过的个体。我们比较了雄性进行求爱的可能性，雌性第二次交配的可能性，以及雌性与同一配偶和新伴侣交配中断的可能性。考虑到交配和/或交配后保护期间可能发生配偶识别，我们进行了一个全因子实验，考虑了新雄性的存在或不存在以及交配后保护的存在或不存在。我们的研究结果支持了一种假设，即雄性和雌性都能识别个体伴侣，因为第二个伴侣的身份（相同的或新的）显著影响了求偶、交配和交配中断。我们的研究结果表明，两性都存在配偶识别，而交配后的保护在这一过程中对雄性起着至关重要的作用。因此，这些发现有助于更广泛地理解滥交物种的性选择和生殖策略机制，突出了个体识别对优化生殖成功的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Factors affecting frontline host defences against avian brood parasitism: a meta-analysis 影响一线宿主防御雏鸟寄生的因素：荟萃分析

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123459

Mari Carmen López-Luengo , Peter Samaš , Francisco Ruiz-Raya , Manuel Soler , Marcel Honza

Obligate avian brood parasitism is a reproductive strategy in which a bird lays its egg in the nest of other bird (host), thereby forcing the host to raise the parasitic offspring as its own. This behaviour triggers a coevolutionary arms race, driving the evolution of host defences and parasite counter defences. Hosts can defend against brood parasitism at all stages of the breeding cycle, with frontline defences (those aimed at preventing a parasite from laying its egg) representing the earliest and critical stage of defence. Despite their importance, the main factors driving frontline (prelaying) antiparasitic behaviours remain unclear. Here, a meta-analytical approach was used to quantify the influence of various factors on host aggression, as an important and widespread frontline defence, towards adult brood parasites. In general, host aggression is assessed in field experiments by presenting brood parasite models near nests and observing the host response. Results show that host aggression towards brood parasites was influenced by the geographical overlap between host and parasite, as well as the distance of the experimental model from the host nest. In particular, aggression was higher in host populations living in sympatry with the parasite. In addition, hosts showed greater aggression towards parasite models placed closer to their nests in field experiments. Other factors, including differences in host–parasite body size, nest type (enclosed or open) and exposure time to the experimental model, did not affect host aggression. Our findings indicate that host aggression towards brood parasite models is primarily influenced by the sympatry–allopatry distribution between brood parasites and hosts. Furthermore, our study highlights the key methodological aspects that should be considered in future field experiments involving artificial brood parasite models.

专性鸟巢寄生是一种鸟类将其卵产在其他鸟类（寄主）的巢中，从而迫使寄主将其寄生后代当作自己的后代来抚养的繁殖策略。这种行为引发了一场共同进化的军备竞赛，推动了宿主防御和寄生虫反防御的进化。宿主可以在繁殖周期的所有阶段防御幼虫寄生，前线防御（旨在防止寄生虫产卵）代表了防御的最早和关键阶段。尽管它们很重要，但驱动一线（预产卵）抗寄生行为的主要因素仍不清楚。本文采用荟萃分析方法量化了各种因素对寄主攻击的影响，寄主攻击是一种重要而广泛的一线防御，针对成年幼虫寄生虫。一般来说，寄主攻击是通过在巢附近建立寄主模型和观察寄主反应来评估的。结果表明，寄主对寄生幼虫的攻击行为受寄主与寄主的地理位置重叠以及实验模型与寄主巢穴的距离的影响。特别是，与寄生虫共生的寄主种群的攻击性更高。此外，在野外实验中，寄主对靠近其巢穴的寄生虫模型表现出更大的攻击性。其他因素，包括宿主-寄生虫体型、巢型（封闭或开放）和暴露于实验模型的时间的差异，不影响宿主的攻击。研究结果表明，寄主对寄主寄生模式的攻击主要受寄主与寄主的同域异种分布的影响。此外，我们的研究强调了在未来涉及人工育雏寄生虫模型的现场实验中应该考虑的关键方法方面。

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引用次数: 0

Urban blue tit nests and cigarette butts: accidental litter or adaptive behaviour? 城市蓝山雀巢和烟头：意外垃圾还是适应行为？

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123464

Michał Glądalski , Ana Cláudia Norte , Maciej Bartos , Iwona Demeško , Adam Kaliński , Marcin Markowski , Joanna Skwarska , Jarosław Wawrzyniak , Piotr Zieliński , Maria Pietrala , Jerzy Bańbura

Birds are known to be able to actively shape their environment through their choices of habitat, behaviour or metabolic activities. Life-history theory suggests that parasites can generate selection pressures by affecting host health and, in natural habitats, Eurasian blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus, are known for incorporating fresh herbal plants that contain volatile compounds into their nests to avoid parasites and their effects. In contrast, urban birds often come across resources not found in natural environments, including materials present in urban waste. There have been increasing reports that blue tits living in cities bring cigarette butts into their nests or build nests in cigarette ashtrays and butt bins. Tobacco, Nicotiana spp., is often cited as an efficient insect repellent and insecticide. In this study, we experimentally tested whether the inclusion of cigarette butts in nests (treatment 1), or replacing a natural nest with a sterilized, artificial, moss and cotton wool nest on the 5th and 10th day of the nestling period (treatment 2), affects components of nestling blue tit fitness: physiological condition, as indicated by blood levels of haemoglobin, glucose, haematocrit and body condition index (measured as the length of the wing of 13-day-old nestlings), in comparison with a control group. After the experimental procedures ended, we also collected all nest materials to extract, identify and count arthropod ectoparasites in the three treatment groups. Nestlings from broods supplemented with cigarette butts and nestlings in broods with artificial nests had significantly elevated haemoglobin and haematocrit, indicating improved physiological condition compared to the control group. The abundance of arthropods (ticks, mites, fleas and blowflies) in the nesting material varied depending on the experimental treatment, but, overall, ectoparasites were most numerous in natural nests, slightly less abundant in nests with cigarette butt addition and nearly absent in sterile nests. A reduction in blowfly larvae in nests with cigarette butts was observed compared with controls but this effect was only nearly significant.

众所周知，鸟类能够通过选择栖息地、行为或代谢活动来积极塑造它们的环境。生活史理论表明，寄生虫可以通过影响宿主健康而产生选择压力，在自然栖息地，欧亚蓝山雀（Cyanistes caeruleus）以将含有挥发性化合物的新鲜草药植物融入巢穴中而闻名，以避免寄生虫及其影响。相比之下，城市鸟类经常遇到在自然环境中找不到的资源，包括城市垃圾中存在的材料。越来越多的报道称，生活在城市里的蓝山雀会把烟头带进巢穴，或者在烟灰缸和烟蒂箱里筑巢。烟草（Nicotiana spp.）经常被认为是一种有效的驱虫剂和杀虫剂。在本研究中，我们通过实验测试了在巢中加入烟头（处理1），或在育雏期的第5天和第10天将天然巢替换为消毒的人工苔藓和棉絮巢（处理2），是否会影响雏鸟蓝山雀适合度的组成部分：生理状况，如血红蛋白、葡萄糖、红细胞压积和身体状况指数（以13日龄雏鸟的翅膀长度测量）的血液水平，与对照组相比。实验结束后，我们还收集了所有巢穴材料，对三个治疗组的节肢动物体外寄生虫进行提取、鉴定和计数。添加烟头的雏鸟和人工筑巢的雏鸟血红蛋白和红细胞压积显著升高，与对照组相比，生理状况有所改善。节肢动物（蜱虫、螨虫、跳蚤和苍蝇）在筑巢材料中的丰度因实验处理而异，但总体而言，天然巢中体外寄生虫最多，添加烟头的巢中体外寄生虫数量略少，无菌巢中几乎没有。与对照相比，有烟头的巢中苍蝇幼虫减少，但这种影响仅接近显著。

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引用次数: 0

Talking more and fighting less? Conflict management through acoustic signals in a cooperatively breeding species 多说少打？合作繁殖物种中声学信号的冲突管理

IF 2.1 2区生物学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Animal Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123447

Júlia Vasconcelos-Araújo , Christini B. Caselli , Paul A. Garber , Júlio César Bicca-Marques , Filipa Abreu , Antonio Souto , Nicola Schiel

In the absence of conflict management, competition for limited resources can lead to heightened aggression and can negatively affect fitness. However, acoustic signals may serve as a management mechanism to deescalate such events. In this study, the functional significance of submissive cries and chatters as conflict escalation-avoidance behaviours in four wild groups of cooperatively breeding common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, was investigated. By experimentally manipulating food availability and distribution, the four groups were exposed to contrasting competitive scenarios. Both calls were uttered unidirectionally between marmoset dyads to indicate dominance (chatter) or subordination (submissive cry). They were frequent during more (71%) and less (29%) competitive scenarios and were associated with reduced physical aggression. Despite increased aggression in the more competitive trials when only one out of four experimental feeding sites contained a food reward, high-intensity, physical aggression remained infrequent. Although chattering individuals had more access to food, this was not observed when the individuals uttered submissive cries. Under limited food availability, a group’s single breeding female chattered more often and used submissive cries less often than expected, while nonbreeding adult females showed the opposite pattern. Males uttered both call types less often than expected given their co-feeding opportunities. These findings are consistent with the social and breeding systems of common marmosets, in which female reproductive competition is high, leading females to vocalize more frequently during feeding-related interactions, while males invest heavily in cooperative infant care and vocalize less frequently. Results indicate that marmoset vocal signals can mediate foraging/feeding-related aggression effectively under limited resources, thereby supporting their role as escalation-avoidance behaviours in managing social conflict. By reducing the frequency of aggressive contests over food, these signals lower the risk of injury and destabilization of marmoset social relationships.

在缺乏冲突管理的情况下，对有限资源的竞争会导致侵略性的增强，并对适应性产生负面影响。然而，声学信号可以作为一种管理机制来降低此类事件的严重性。本文研究了4个野生合作繁殖的普通狨猴群体的哭叫和颤叫作为冲突升级-避免行为的功能意义。通过实验操纵食物的可得性和分配，四组被暴露在截然不同的竞争情境中。这两种叫声都是在狨猴双体之间单向发出的，表示支配地位（喋喋不休）或从属地位（顺从的叫声）。在竞争激烈（71%）和竞争激烈（29%）的情况下，这种行为更为频繁，并且与身体攻击的减少有关。尽管在竞争更激烈的试验中，当只有四分之一的实验喂食地点含有食物奖励时，攻击性会增加，但高强度的身体攻击仍然很少发生。虽然叽叽喳喳的个体有更多的机会获得食物，但当个体发出顺从的哭声时，这种情况就没有被观察到。在食物供应有限的情况下，一个群体中单身的雌性会比预期的更频繁地叽叽喳喳，更少地发出顺从的叫声，而非繁殖的成年雌性则表现出相反的模式。雄性发出这两种叫声的频率比预期的要低，因为它们有共同喂食的机会。这些发现与普通狨猴的社会和繁殖系统相一致，在这种系统中，雌性的繁殖竞争很高，导致雌性在与喂养相关的互动中更频繁地发声，而雄性则在合作照顾婴儿方面投入了大量资金，发声频率较低。结果表明，在资源有限的情况下，狨猴的声音信号可以有效地调节觅食/喂食相关攻击行为，从而支持其在社会冲突管理中的升级-回避行为。通过减少争夺食物的攻击性竞争频率，这些信号降低了受伤的风险，也降低了狨猴社会关系的不稳定性。

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引用次数: 0