Comparative analysis of nano-additives for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production: A hybrid approach using MEREC and sensitivity methods

Photocatalytic hydrogen production is a cutting-edge technology that offers a sustainable and efficient pathway for clean energy generation, crucial for mitigating the global energy crisis. This study specifically identified the most effective nano-additives for photocatalytic water splitting into hydrogen fuel, with a detailed evaluation of various nanocomposites. The analysis utilized the method based on the removal effects of criteria method to determine the importance of different performance parameters, prioritizing stability (27 %) and hydrogen production (26 %) as the most critical factors. Based on these weighted criteria, Graphene/TiO₂ was identified as the top-performing nano-additive, followed closely by g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ and Pt-TiO₂. The findings highlight that the superior charge separation, enhanced bandgap, and extensive surface area of Graphene/TiO₂ contribute significantly to its outstanding performance. Graphene/TiO₂ achieved the optimal outcomes with hydrogen production of 2100 μmol/g·h, a photocatalytic efficiency of 95 %, stability of 50 hours, and a cost-effectiveness of $15/g. Sensitivity analysis confirmed these results, emphasizing the robustness of these nanocomposites under varied conditions. The study's implications suggest that these advanced photocatalytic materials, can drive efficient hydrogen evolution, offering a scalable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels.