Dynamic containment service from industrial demand response resources coordinated with energy storage systems

Industrial Demand Response Resources (DRRs) are widely used in the frequency response service market. However, some industrial DRRs with slow ramp rates (e.g., steam power generators in factories) cannot meet the stringent requirements of novel types of frequency response services, such as the latest Dynamic Containment (DC) service in the UK. In this paper, a Virtual Energy Storage System (VESS) model is developed to enable such industrial DRRs to participate in the DC service by coordinating with an Energy Storage System (ESS). In this VESS model, the power and energy capacity of the ESS are determined by considering its complementary characteristics with industrial DRRs, enabling the VESS to successfully provide the DC service as a whole under the proposed control strategy. Meanwhile, the operational baseline of the ESS is updated based on the “state of energy” management rules for energy-limited units as defined in the DC service. Simulation results verify that the established VESS model is able to meet the technical specifications of the DC service. Moreover, in scenarios where sustained frequency deviations occur due to severe faults, the established VESS model has superior performance over using an ESS alone.