Journal of energy storage最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid Co(II) coordination polymer/CNT/GO electrodes for high energy asymmetric supercapacitor","authors":"Arif Ali,&nbsp;Khusboo Kumari,&nbsp;Anupama Joy,&nbsp;Fatma Parween,&nbsp;Mst Shubnur Sultana,&nbsp;Ganesh Chandra Nayak","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-dimensional (2D) coordination polymers (CPs) have attracted significant attention in electrochemical energy storage because their layered architectures promote strong interfacial interactions with 1D and 2D carbon materials. Nevertheless, CPs often suffer from limited specific capacitance and poor structural stability. Integrating conductive carbon components can effectively overcome these drawbacks by leveraging synergistic effects to enhance overall charge storage capability. Herein, we report the solvothermal synthesis of a Co(II)-based coordination polymer, [Co(PDA)(H₂O)]<em>ₙ</em> (namely, MCo). The structure of MCo was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), revealing an <strong><em>hcb</em></strong>-type underlying net topology. Composite materials were subsequently fabricated by integrating MCo with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO), designated as MCo/CNT and MCo/GO, respectively. The morphology and chemical composition of the resulting composites were characterized by FESEM, HR-TEM, and XPS analysis. Electrochemical analysis of symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) and asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) devices showed that the ASC device has better specific capacitance (Sp.CP.). The specific capacitance of MCo, MCo/CNT 100, and MCo/GO 20 was calculated to be 14.54, 287.13, and 373.12 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹ current density, respectively. The energy density and power density of MCo/GO 20 were calculated to be 132.6 Wh kg⁻¹ and 400 W kg⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹. The ASC device retained 68% capacitance after completion of 10,000 cycles of charging-discharging, demonstrating good cyclic stability. Furthermore, power-law analysis indicated a predominantly electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) behavior with b-values ranging between 0.5 and 1. For practical demonstration, the ASC device successfully powered red, multicolor disco, and white LEDs, maintaining illumination for 120 s after a charging of 60 s. Additionally, an ASC flexible MCo/GO 20 device under PVA/KOH gel electrolyte showed sp. cp. of 461.03 F g⁻¹ and energy density of 164.02 Wh kg⁻¹ at a current density of 0.5 A g⁻¹ with a capacitance retention of 87% at a current density of 6 A g⁻¹, after 5000th charge-discharge cycles. These results highlight the potential of MCo/GO 20 composites as a promising electrode material for next-generation supercapacitor application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120709"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal performance enhancement of a building using nano enhanced phase change materials (PCMs) and metallic fins","authors":"Said M.A. Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Abdelrahman A. Shaheen","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving building energy efficiency in hot arid climates remains a critical challenge for sustainable development. This study investigates the thermal performance optimization of a residential building in Cairo, Egypt, by integrating phase change materials (PCMs) with advanced enhancement techniques. Using Design Builder for dynamic simulations, the research evaluates various configurations: a baseline building, pure PCM integration, nano enhanced PCMs (NePCM) using Al₂O₃, CuO, and silica aerogel, metallic fins (aluminum and copper), and hybrid NePCM fin systems. The results indicate that the baseline building's annual energy demand of 211.64kWh/m² was reduced by 17.3% through PCM integration alone. Among NePCMs, silica aerogel at 3 vol% achieved only marginal improvement (174.53 kWh/m²), while Al₂O₃ and CuO nanoparticles increased energy consumption. Conversely, fin-assisted PCMs provided superior results; 1 mm copper fins reduced annual demand to 150.99kWh/m², a 28.7% saving over the baseline. Analysis of peak summer day loads revealed that PCM integration achieved a 29.6% reduction in peak demand, with copper fins maintaining a stable operative temperature of 26.5 °C and significantly enhancing indoor thermal comfort by improving the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). The hybrid system (NePCM with copper fins) yielded the maximum energy saving of 28.8% (150.69kWh/m²). The study concludes that thin copper fins are more effective and practical than nanoparticles for energy reduction and peak shaving in hot arid regions, offering a robust solution for improving cooling efficiency and indoor climate stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120886"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A self-actuating internal stirring mechanism to maintain dispersion uniformity in paraffin/carbon nanotube phase change composites","authors":"Yinfeng Xia ,&nbsp;Takushi Saito","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paraffin-based Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are promising candidates for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems, but their low thermal conductivity is often a significant drawback. While the addition of high-conductivity nanoparticles like Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) can address this, long-term performance can be compromised as CNTs agglomerate and separate from the paraffin matrix over repeated thermal cycles. This degradation is driven by fundamental solidification phenomena such as particle pushing, which leads to a breakdown of the conductive nanoparticle network. To address this, we developed a novel self-actuating internal stirring mechanism that maintains dispersion uniformity without external power. Leveraging the volumetric expansion of the PCM itself (the “wax motor” principle), the device autonomously converts thermal energy into rotational mixing during the melting phase. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-optimized Sawtooth impeller was engineered to generate high local shear rates (&gt;140 s⁻¹) sufficient to initiate CNT deagglomeration. Experimental validation over 50 thermal cycles demonstrated that the active stirring effectively suppressed phase separation. From the 128.7% initial improvement over pure paraffin, the stirred composite retained ∼90% of its initial thermal conductivity (0.391 W/(m·K)), significantly outperforming the unstirred control which degraded by 26% (0.334 W/(m·K)). This work establishes a successful proof-of-concept for a semi-active stabilization strategy to overcome the long-term reliability barriers in latent heat storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120891"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lamellar graphene oxide stabilizes spinel LiMn2O4 cathode structure for high-temperature longevity","authors":"Xiaowei Shi ,&nbsp;Bihe Liu ,&nbsp;Bonan Tan ,&nbsp;Qing Chen ,&nbsp;Lei Li ,&nbsp;Yane Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spinel LiMn₂O₄ (LMO) suffers from quick capacity decay, which hampers its practical application in lithium-ion batteries. Engineering LMO cathode structure is a solution to improve its cycling stability. Here, we experimentally realize lamellar additives of graphene oxide (GO) reinforced LMO cathode structure prolongs the cycling stability of LMO at high temperature of 45 °C. The experimental and theoretical results prove that GO induces the α-to-β phase transformation of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. This enhances its dielectric constant and storage modulus. GO increases LMO particles and Al current collector adhesion via strong adsorption between GO functional groups and Al surface Al₂O₃ (OH). GO also works as a barrier to prevent HF etching LMO and Mn²⁺ dissolution into electrolyte. Their synergetic improves the cycling stability of LMO with high capacity retention of &gt;84.1% compared to LMO/PVDF (77.7%) at 1C after 200 cycles at 45 °C. This study is beneficial for the design of cathode additives to improve the electrochemical performance of cathode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120767"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Starburst macromonomers with carbazole arms: From electropolymerization to electrochromic prototypes with energy storage capability","authors":"Radu-Dan Rusu,&nbsp;Ioana-Alexandra Trofin,&nbsp;Mariana-Dana Damaceanu,&nbsp;Catalin-Paul Constantin","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study follows three directions in developing smart materials with electrochromic and energy storage functions: effective macromolecular blueprint, viable electropolymerization processing, and the design-prototype pathway. A fully conjugated macromonomer with an aryl focal point and three carbazole branches was used as the main core for two dendrimer-like macromonomers with amide-linked carbazole or triphenylamine arms. Their electropolymerization rendered defect-free polymeric films with a granular surface. Systematic connections between structural variations and the optical, electronic, morphological, and electrochemical conduct were established. The electrochromic activity and stability, coloration efficiency, charge-discharge patterns, specific areal capacitance, and electron-transfer processes highly depend on external building blocks, conjugation type, and films' topography and topology. A laboratory-scale prototype using the most balanced polymer showed reliable electrochromic performance: 0.41 s for coloration, 3.82 s for bleaching, 31.33% maximum optical contrast, 125 cm² C⁻¹ coloring efficiency, and 25% efficiency decay after 100 cycles. The same prototype acted as a hybrid-type pseudocapacitor and delivered convincing energy storage outcome: 0.62 mF cm⁻² (GCD, 10 μA cm⁻², relatively stable at higher current density) areal capacitance, 98.2% Coulombic efficiency, 1453 μW cm⁻² power density, 542 μWh cm⁻² energy density, 7.14% capacitance decay after 500 cycles, and a 0.34 S cm⁻¹ conductivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120901"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic enhancement of mechanical robustness and ion transport via internal coordination for all-solid-state zinc batteries","authors":"Nuo Shi,&nbsp;Zhihao Deng,&nbsp;Siyi Li,&nbsp;Yuqin Su,&nbsp;Wenjun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address issues inherent to aqueous zinc-ion batteries—such as electrolyte leakage, dendrite formation, and limited cycling stability—developing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) that combine efficient Zn²⁺ transport with robust mechanical toughness remains a key challenge for all-solid-state zinc-ion batteries. In this work, <span>l</span>-serine was successfully incorporated into a polyethylene oxide/polyvinylidene difluoride (PEO/PVDF)-based electrolyte by reducing polymer crystallinity, enhancing interfacial coordination between functional groups and Zn²⁺, and improving the Zn deposition/stripping behavior. This strategy not only establishes rapid ion transport pathways, delivering a high ionic conductivity of 1.02 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ and a transference number of 0.56 at room temperature, but also enables the Zn||MnO₂ device to achieve a high initial specific capacity of 120 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ with excellent rate capability. Moreover, a stable Zn deposition/stripping process was sustained for over 1400 h at 0.1 mA cm⁻². By integrating molecular design with interfacial engineering, this study delivers transformative insights that may redefine electrolyte development for all-solid-state zinc-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120870"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The C6N2 monolayer as a universal anode for lithium/sodium/potassium-ion batteries: A first-principles study","authors":"Ruotong Gao ,&nbsp;Haoxiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Hai Wu ,&nbsp;XingKao Zhang ,&nbsp;Hanqing Li ,&nbsp;Xiangjie Fu ,&nbsp;Hongying Hou ,&nbsp;Ju Rong ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-dimensional(2D) carbon‑nitrogen materials have emerged as promising candidates for anode materials in metal-ion batteries (MIBs) due to their exceptional electrical conductivity and structural stability. This paper employs first-principles calculations to systematically investigate the performance of C₆N₂ in Li⁺/Na⁺/K⁺ batteries. Results indicate that the monolayer C6N2 has an optimal electronic structure with excellent conductivity. Li+, Na+, and K+ also exhibit high adsorption energies, providing stable adsorption sites that enhance cycling stability. Analysis of C₆N₂'s ionic diffusion properties revealed a low diffusion energy barrier, supporting efficient performance during rapid charge-discharge cycles. Further theoretical calculations indicate that C₆N₂ exhibits theoretical specific capacities for Li⁺/Na⁺/K⁺ as high as 1596 mAh/g, 1197 mAh/g, and 997 mAh/g respectively, significantly surpassing many conventional anode materials. Furthermore, it exhibits minimal open-circuit voltage (OCV) variation, meeting the requirements for stable battery operation. Overall, the outstanding electrochemical performance and structural characteristics of C₆N₂ confer broad application prospects for it in metal-intercalation batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120902"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode using a reduction agent of natural amino acid","authors":"Siman Yang ,&nbsp;Zongnan Li ,&nbsp;Yao Huang ,&nbsp;Mingwei Hu ,&nbsp;Ting Yang ,&nbsp;Qiaohua Wei ,&nbsp;Longyuan Guo ,&nbsp;Mingdeng Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries has garnered significant attention as an important strategy to alleviate resource scarcity and advance resource circularity. Among different recycling technologies for spent LFP batteries, emerging direct regeneration technology represents a sustainable recycling approach capable of restoring LFP cathode materials without compromising their olivine crystal structure. In our study, we proposed an environmentally friendly and efficient one-step hydrothermal regeneration strategy to achieve synergistic structural and functional restoration of spent LFP in the presence of lithium supplement. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) serves as the lithium precursor, with the natural amino acid <span>l</span>-serine (C₃H₇NO₃) used as a green reducing agent. The primary alcohol group of <span>l</span>-serine can provide a reducing environment, enabling the reduction of Fe³⁺ ions and alleviating the Li-Fe inversion defect. Concurrently, nitrogen atoms from the amino group of <span>l</span>-serine were incorporated into the carbon coating, enhancing the electrochemical performance of the material. Consequently, the regenerated LFP exhibited exceptional electrochemical property and outstanding cycling stability. The specific discharge capacity reached 140.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 1C rate, demonstrating 86.13% capacity retention over 1000 cycles. Crucially, the material maintains a capacity retention of 84.44% over 1000 cycles even at a high rate of 5C. Such a strategy can effectively regenerate LFP cathode with a restored superior electrochemical property, offering a viable pathway for scalable recycling of spent LFP in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120841"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-agent hierarchical consensus framework for frequency and voltage regulation with cooperative battery storage units","authors":"Gabriel E. Mejia-Ruiz ,&nbsp;Vipin Chandra Pandey ,&nbsp;Martha Lucia Orozco-Gutierrez","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High penetration of renewable resources reduces inertia and short-circuit strength in transmission networks. This loss of electromechanical stiffness directly compromises the ability of the system to withstand power imbalances. This paper proposes a hierarchical multi-agent control framework to coordinate distributed battery energy storage. The architecture integrates a fast local layer for sub-second voltage support and primary frequency response. A secondary layer employs dual-consensus algorithms to harmonize the state of charge and historical regulation effort over a communication graph. The adaptive active-power reference is computed through a multiplicative formulation. This law couples frequency deviation, area control error, and available capacity while strictly enforcing apparent-power constraints. Thus, the controller ensures capacity-aware dispatch, prevents overcompensation, and preserves <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Q</mi></mrow></math></span> limits. Validation was conducted on a modified IEEE 14-bus system with 47.8% non-synchronous generation. Scenarios included a 204% load step, a 25% renewable surge, and a three-phase fault. Results demonstrate enhanced scalability and resilience. For operational (non-fault) events, frequency deviations remain within <span><math><mrow><mo>≤</mo><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>08</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span> and return to the NERC <span><math><mrow><mn>20</mn><mtext>–</mtext><mn>36</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mHz</mi></mrow></math></span> band within 2<!--> <!-->s. Furthermore, bus voltages satisfy IEEE Std C84.1 limits (<span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>95</mn><mtext>–</mtext><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>05</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>pu</mi></mrow></math></span>), while state-of-charge dispersion falls below <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>05</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>pu</mi></mrow></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120955"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study on the thermal management performance of square lithium-ion batteries with symmetric double-spiral liquid cooling coupled with composite phase change material","authors":"Zhuoling Qi ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Jilin Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comprehensive numerical investigation on the thermal management challenges of lithium-ion battery modules under high-power operating conditions was conducted in this study. A novel hybrid system was developed through the integration of symmetric double-spiral liquid cooling plates with embedded vortex generators and composite phase change material (CPCM). The computational model was rigorously validated against experimental data, ensuring the reliability of the simulation results. The influence of vortex generator geometric parameters (cross-sectional shape, spacing) and CPCM thickness on battery temperature distribution were systematically investigated. Through the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the thermal performance of circular, square and triangular vortex generators was comparatively analyzed under flow velocities ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 m/s. Results demonstrated that the lowest peak battery temperature (<em>T</em>_max) and average temperature (<em>T</em>_ave) of the square lithium-ion batteries were obtained with the triangular vortex generators used in the liquid cooling plates, which had the highest pressure drop at the inlet and outlet in the flow channel. Circular vortex generators exhibit the best comprehensive performance with consideration of heat transfer performance and pressure drop at medium-high flow velocities. <em>T</em>_max, <em>T</em>_ave, and maximum temperature difference (Δ<em>T</em>_max) were increased with the increase of vortex generator spacing, which were due to the decreasing heat transfer area and reduction of flow perturbation. With the flow velocity of 0.5 m/s, 15 mm spacing exhibited the best comprehensive performance with consideration of heat transfer performance and pressure drop. Under 5C discharge conditions, the module's peak surface temperature (<em>T</em>_max decreased by 4.095 °C) and the surface temperature uniformity (Δ<em>T</em>_max reduced by 3.718 °C) were decreased using the hybrid “liquid cooling-phase change” system integrated with CPCM substantially. The best thermal performance was obtained when the CPCM thickness was 4 mm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120835"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}