Pub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.115920
Muhammad Azam Khan , Hassan Tariq , Muhammad Shahid Khan , Ahmed Shuja , Muhammad Musharaf , Saikh Mohammad Wabaidur , Mohd Zahid Ansari , Yaqoob Khan , Imran Murtaza
<div><div>In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant interest as novel electrode materials for energy storage devices. However, many MOFs' limited conductivity and capacity have hindered their widespread application. This study presents a practical approach to enhancing MOF conductivity by incorporating two organic linkers, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PDC), into a pristine MOF structure to form a high-dimensional framework. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive evaluation of a double-linker MOF featuring these two linkers for supercapacitor applications. A simple solvothermal method was used to incorporate EDTA and PDC linkers, promoting hydrogen bonding, multiple coordination modes, and π-stacking interactions, which contribute to the stabilization and formation of high-dimensional Ni and Co frameworks. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of functional groups from the linkers. The morphology and surface roughness of the synthesized materials were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a surface profilometer, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the MOFs, while the TEM image at 50 nm magnification revealed a layered structure consisting of thin, transparent sheets. This observation highlights a lightweight, porous framework characterized by uniform thickness and smooth edges, indicating the successful synthesis of MOFs with minimal defects. Furthermore, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results corroborate the formation of the framework. The high porosity of the double-linker MOFs enabled enhanced ion transport from the electrolyte during faradaic reactions, providing favorable pathways for charge transfer and leading to excellent electrochemical performance. The supercapacitive behavior of the synthesized mono-linker and double-linker MOFs was thoroughly investigated using galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) experiments in 3 M KOH electrolyte, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Notably, the double-linker Ni- and Co-MOFs exhibited superior performance, with specific capacitances of 984 Fg<sup>−1</sup> and 950 Fg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, at a current density of 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>. This significantly improved their mono-linker counterparts (mono-metallic Ni: 379 Fg<sup>−1</sup>, mono-metallic Co: 452 Fg<sup>−1</sup>). The mono-linker MOFs were converted to their oxides upon annealing at 400 °C. Interestingly, annealing the double-linker MOFs at the same temperature altered their phase, particularly in the case of Co, which transitioned from hybrid to pseudocapacitive behavior. The molarity of the aqueous electrolyte was also optimized. A two-electrode device based on the double-link
{"title":"Advanced electrode materials: The role of double-linker Ni and Co metal-organic frameworks in electrochemical energy storage","authors":"Muhammad Azam Khan , Hassan Tariq , Muhammad Shahid Khan , Ahmed Shuja , Muhammad Musharaf , Saikh Mohammad Wabaidur , Mohd Zahid Ansari , Yaqoob Khan , Imran Murtaza","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant interest as novel electrode materials for energy storage devices. However, many MOFs' limited conductivity and capacity have hindered their widespread application. This study presents a practical approach to enhancing MOF conductivity by incorporating two organic linkers, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PDC), into a pristine MOF structure to form a high-dimensional framework. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive evaluation of a double-linker MOF featuring these two linkers for supercapacitor applications. A simple solvothermal method was used to incorporate EDTA and PDC linkers, promoting hydrogen bonding, multiple coordination modes, and π-stacking interactions, which contribute to the stabilization and formation of high-dimensional Ni and Co frameworks. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of functional groups from the linkers. The morphology and surface roughness of the synthesized materials were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a surface profilometer, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the MOFs, while the TEM image at 50 nm magnification revealed a layered structure consisting of thin, transparent sheets. This observation highlights a lightweight, porous framework characterized by uniform thickness and smooth edges, indicating the successful synthesis of MOFs with minimal defects. Furthermore, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results corroborate the formation of the framework. The high porosity of the double-linker MOFs enabled enhanced ion transport from the electrolyte during faradaic reactions, providing favorable pathways for charge transfer and leading to excellent electrochemical performance. The supercapacitive behavior of the synthesized mono-linker and double-linker MOFs was thoroughly investigated using galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) experiments in 3 M KOH electrolyte, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Notably, the double-linker Ni- and Co-MOFs exhibited superior performance, with specific capacitances of 984 Fg<sup>−1</sup> and 950 Fg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, at a current density of 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>. This significantly improved their mono-linker counterparts (mono-metallic Ni: 379 Fg<sup>−1</sup>, mono-metallic Co: 452 Fg<sup>−1</sup>). The mono-linker MOFs were converted to their oxides upon annealing at 400 °C. Interestingly, annealing the double-linker MOFs at the same temperature altered their phase, particularly in the case of Co, which transitioned from hybrid to pseudocapacitive behavior. The molarity of the aqueous electrolyte was also optimized. A two-electrode device based on the double-link","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 115920"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herein, we have synthesized Co-doped SrTiO3 (SrTi1-xCoxO3-δ) at ambient conditions using metal-organic framework (MOF) of constituent elements. Structural and charge storage characteristics of SrTiO3 were optimized by Co-doping (0 ≤ x ≤ 3 %). Different morphological features i.e. nano-block to elongated nano-needles were obtained in SrTi1-xCoxO3-δ by changing the Co concentration from 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 %. Being larger in size than Ti, Co doping expanded the interlayer spacing of (011) plane and enhanced the oxygen vacancy concentration to maintain charge neutrality. Among all, SrTi1-xCoxO3-δ (x = 2 %) exhibited an exceptionally high electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 2388 m2 g−1, lowest optical band gap (2.7 eV), and highest specific capacitance (1311 F g−1 @ 2 A g−1). This is attributed to the rich electronic conductivity, and highest oxygen vacancy concentration (∼31 %) in SrTi1-xCoxO3-δ (x = 2 %) which boosted the anion-intercalated energy storage. Fabricated symmetric (STCO||STCO) and asymmetric (STCO||Activated Carbon) cells resulted in an appreciable energy density of 38 Wh kg−1 @575 W kg−1 and 53.5 @1196 W kg−1 with an operating voltage of 1.2 V & 1.3 V, respectively.
{"title":"Metal-organic framework derived SrTi1-xCoxO3-δ as anion-intercalated electrode for supercapacitor","authors":"Geeta Chaudhary , Shobhita Singal , Ashish Yadav , Prakshi Soni , Raj Kishore Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, we have synthesized Co-doped SrTiO<sub>3</sub> (SrTi<sub>1-x</sub>Co<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub>) at ambient conditions using metal-organic framework (MOF) of constituent elements. Structural and charge storage characteristics of SrTiO<sub>3</sub> were optimized by Co-doping (0 ≤ x ≤ 3 %). Different morphological features i.e. nano-block to elongated nano-needles were obtained in SrTi<sub>1-x</sub>Co<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> by changing the Co concentration from 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 %. Being larger in size than Ti, Co doping expanded the interlayer spacing of (011) plane and enhanced the oxygen vacancy concentration to maintain charge neutrality. Among all, SrTi<sub>1-x</sub>Co<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> (x = 2 %) exhibited an exceptionally high electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 2388 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, lowest optical band gap (2.7 eV), and highest specific capacitance (1311 F g<sup>−1</sup> @ 2 A g<sup>−1</sup>). This is attributed to the rich electronic conductivity, and highest oxygen vacancy concentration (∼31 %) in SrTi<sub>1-x</sub>Co<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> (x = 2 %) which boosted the anion-intercalated energy storage. Fabricated symmetric (STCO||STCO) and asymmetric (STCO||Activated Carbon) cells resulted in an appreciable energy density of 38 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> @575 W kg<sup>−1</sup> and 53.5 @1196 W kg<sup>−1</sup> with an operating voltage of 1.2 V & 1.3 V, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 115984"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116042
Xueling Shen , Hang Zhang , Jingjing Li , Chenran Du , Zhanglong Yu , Yi Cui , Yanyan Fang , Zhong Wang
The rapid advancement of electric vehicle (EV) technology is revolutionizing the transportation, with electrification and intelligence serving as the primary driving forces. Accurate battery power estimation is crucial to this transformation. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as the core energy storage components in EVs, exhibit strong nonlinear characteristics across multiple physical domains due to material properties and compatibility issues. As a result, accurate power estimation for LIBs poses a significant challenge in current EV development. This paper reviews state of power (SOP) estimation methods, categorizing them into four major types: characteristic maps, models, data-driven machine learning, and multi-state joint estimation. The principles, functionalities, and applications of each method are evaluated. This paper uncovers the underlying relationships among multiple states and elucidates why multi-state joint estimation outperforms single-state estimation. Furthermore, the fusion of physics-based models and data-driven models emerges as a promising direction for achieving high-precision SOP estimation under dynamic operating conditions. The challenges faced in SOP estimation are detailed, including the requirements for high accuracy, real-time performance, robustness, predictive capabilities, and safety margins. This study highlights four technical contradictions, such as balancing model complexity and real-time performance, and proposes a novel SOP estimation framework that leverages hybrid modeling and multi-state joint estimation. This new framework will bridge the gap between current estimation methods and the demands of intelligent EVs, thereby contributing to advancing the understanding of SOP estimation and ultimately enhancing battery performance, safety, and longevity.
{"title":"State of power estimation for LIBs in electric vehicles: Recent progress, challenges, and prospects","authors":"Xueling Shen , Hang Zhang , Jingjing Li , Chenran Du , Zhanglong Yu , Yi Cui , Yanyan Fang , Zhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid advancement of electric vehicle (EV) technology is revolutionizing the transportation, with electrification and intelligence serving as the primary driving forces. Accurate battery power estimation is crucial to this transformation. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as the core energy storage components in EVs, exhibit strong nonlinear characteristics across multiple physical domains due to material properties and compatibility issues. As a result, accurate power estimation for LIBs poses a significant challenge in current EV development. This paper reviews state of power (SOP) estimation methods, categorizing them into four major types: characteristic maps, models, data-driven machine learning, and multi-state joint estimation. The principles, functionalities, and applications of each method are evaluated. This paper uncovers the underlying relationships among multiple states and elucidates why multi-state joint estimation outperforms single-state estimation. Furthermore, the fusion of physics-based models and data-driven models emerges as a promising direction for achieving high-precision SOP estimation under dynamic operating conditions. The challenges faced in SOP estimation are detailed, including the requirements for high accuracy, real-time performance, robustness, predictive capabilities, and safety margins. This study highlights four technical contradictions, such as balancing model complexity and real-time performance, and proposes a novel SOP estimation framework that leverages hybrid modeling and multi-state joint estimation. This new framework will bridge the gap between current estimation methods and the demands of intelligent EVs, thereby contributing to advancing the understanding of SOP estimation and ultimately enhancing battery performance, safety, and longevity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 116042"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116003
Po-Chung Cheng, Kuo-Ching Chen
As batteries lose capacity over time, disposing of them presents substantial environmental and financial challenges. Regrouping retired batteries extends their life and reduces the need for new manufacturing costs. Regrouping necessitates evaluating performance indicators and identifying safety concerns, with prompt recognition of internal short circuits (ISC) helping lower the risk of thermal runaway and serious accidents. Current ISC detection techniques are time-consuming, generally requiring full charge-discharge cycles or extended relaxation periods for data collection. This study presents a quick diagnostic method that uses two consecutive unequal square waves over 110 s to simultaneously assess safety information and battery states. The duration and magnitude of each square wave are thoroughly discussed, where the first wave primarily identifies the two battery states, i.e., state of health (SOH) and state of charge (SOC), while the second wave with its associated impedance spectrum offers key insights for ISC detection. We employ machine learning techniques that draw on features from both waves: initial voltage and ohmic resistance from the first, and three low-frequency impedances from the second. This approach accurately classifies ISC severity levels with 93.83 % accuracy, while simultaneously predicting the SOH and SOC with root mean square errors of 2.22 % and 1.72 %, respectively.
{"title":"Two-step square wave testing: A 110-second method for diagnosing internal short circuit and two states of lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Po-Chung Cheng, Kuo-Ching Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As batteries lose capacity over time, disposing of them presents substantial environmental and financial challenges. Regrouping retired batteries extends their life and reduces the need for new manufacturing costs. Regrouping necessitates evaluating performance indicators and identifying safety concerns, with prompt recognition of internal short circuits (ISC) helping lower the risk of thermal runaway and serious accidents. Current ISC detection techniques are time-consuming, generally requiring full charge-discharge cycles or extended relaxation periods for data collection. This study presents a quick diagnostic method that uses two consecutive unequal square waves over 110 s to simultaneously assess safety information and battery states. The duration and magnitude of each square wave are thoroughly discussed, where the first wave primarily identifies the two battery states, i.e., state of health (SOH) and state of charge (SOC), while the second wave with its associated impedance spectrum offers key insights for ISC detection. We employ machine learning techniques that draw on features from both waves: initial voltage and ohmic resistance from the first, and three low-frequency impedances from the second. This approach accurately classifies ISC severity levels with 93.83 % accuracy, while simultaneously predicting the SOH and SOC with root mean square errors of 2.22 % and 1.72 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 116003"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.115882
Evan Kurian , Jayashree Pitchai , Soundarya Neelanarayanan , Deepak Kumar , Sellamuthu N. Jaisankar , K. Ramesha
Polymer electrolytes are favored in solid-state batteries due to their mechanical strength and improved electrode-wetting properties compared to conventional solid electrolytes. However, achieving a balance between key properties such as mechanical stability, thermal stability, ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and room-temperature operation, remains challenging for most state-of-the-art polymer electrolytes. This study explores Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) as a versatile, cost-effective polymer with tunable elastic and thermal properties that have been under-explored for electrolyte applications. The objective was to optimize TPU-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for ionic conductivity while considering cost and demonstrating room-temperature cycling. Membranes were fabricated using TPU, LiTFSI, and SCN via solution casting. Four different TPU-based membranes (TPULxySzz, where x, y indicate the weight ratios of TPU and LiTFSI, and zz indicate the weight percentage of SCN in the SPE) were screened based on ionic conductivity and cost. Electrochemical characterization was performed in symmetric, half-cell, and full-cell configurations, evaluating the stability of the Li-metal anode and LiFePO4 cathode interfaces with the SPEs. Among the membranes tested, TPUL23S50 exhibited the highest ionic conductivity (1.09 mS/cm) and lowest interfacial resistance with lithium metal. TPUL11S50 showed superior current capability (496.56 A/cm2) and lithium transference number (0.25). Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) revealed that TPUL23S60 had the best voltage stability. In full-cell tests, all membranes demonstrated excellent room-temperature cycling performance, with capacities close to theoretical values and strong retention. TPUL23S50 achieved an initial discharge capacity of 169.94 mAh/g with 93.74 % retention after 20 cycles, while TPUL11S50 showed 169.92 mAh/g and 97.51 % retention. This study demonstrates that TPU-based polymers have the potential to surpass current polymer electrolytes, offering efficient lithium-ion conduction and robust electrochemical performance, making them promising candidates for commercial solid-state batteries.
{"title":"Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) based high-performing solid polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium metal batteries","authors":"Evan Kurian , Jayashree Pitchai , Soundarya Neelanarayanan , Deepak Kumar , Sellamuthu N. Jaisankar , K. Ramesha","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymer electrolytes are favored in solid-state batteries due to their mechanical strength and improved electrode-wetting properties compared to conventional solid electrolytes. However, achieving a balance between key properties such as mechanical stability, thermal stability, ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and room-temperature operation, remains challenging for most state-of-the-art polymer electrolytes. This study explores Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) as a versatile, cost-effective polymer with tunable elastic and thermal properties that have been under-explored for electrolyte applications. The objective was to optimize TPU-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for ionic conductivity while considering cost and demonstrating room-temperature cycling. Membranes were fabricated using TPU, LiTFSI, and SCN via solution casting. Four different TPU-based membranes (TPULxySzz, where x, y indicate the weight ratios of TPU and LiTFSI, and zz indicate the weight percentage of SCN in the SPE) were screened based on ionic conductivity and cost. Electrochemical characterization was performed in symmetric, half-cell, and full-cell configurations, evaluating the stability of the Li-metal anode and LiFePO4 cathode interfaces with the SPEs. Among the membranes tested, TPUL23S50 exhibited the highest ionic conductivity (1.09 mS/cm) and lowest interfacial resistance with lithium metal. TPUL11S50 showed superior current capability (496.56 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>A/cm<sup>2</sup>) and lithium transference number (0.25). Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) revealed that TPUL23S60 had the best voltage stability. In full-cell tests, all membranes demonstrated excellent room-temperature cycling performance, with capacities close to theoretical values and strong retention. TPUL23S50 achieved an initial discharge capacity of 169.94 mAh/g with 93.74 % retention after 20 cycles, while TPUL11S50 showed 169.92 mAh/g and 97.51 % retention. This study demonstrates that TPU-based polymers have the potential to surpass current polymer electrolytes, offering efficient lithium-ion conduction and robust electrochemical performance, making them promising candidates for commercial solid-state batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 115882"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.115996
Tariq M. Al-Hejri , Hamdan M. Danamah , Vijaykumar V. Jadhav , Shoyebmohamad F. Shaikh , Rajaram S. Mane
A key strategy to boost electrochemical energy storage device efficiency is to develop cost-effective and eco-friendly nano-hetero-junctions with varying potential windows. A novel Bi2O3@TiO2p-n hetero-junction electrode is synthesized using sequential ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) chemical approach for obtaining advanced energy storage performance and higher energy density on account of separate working potential windows. Before performing electrochemical energy storage investigations, Bi2O3, TiO2, and Bi2O3@TiO2p-n hetero-junction electrodes are separately envisaged for confirming various physical and chemical parameters like structures, existing chemical elements, surface morphologies, and electrical conductivities. The as-obtained Bi2O3@TiO2p-n hetero-junction electrode endows nanoflower-nanoball-type bi-layered surface morphology which shows an ameliorated specific capacitance (SC) of 1942.97 F g−1 and a specific capacity of 1198.18 mA.h.g−1 at a current density of 5 mA cm−2. Notably, the band gap energy and potential window range of the Bi2O3@TiO2p-n hetero-junction electrode are reduced to 1.8 eV and extended to 1.7 V, respectively. The symmetrical supercapacitor setup with Bi2O3@TiO2//Bi2O3@TiO2 configuration exhibits a power density as high as 750 W kg−1 at 316.93 Wh kg−1 energy density and a moderate chemical stability with 99.57 % retention even after 10,000 redox cycles. These improvements are associated to; an expanded potential range, a hierarchical porous morphology, and a synergistic effect of the Bi2O3 and TiO2, convincing the importance of the Bi2O3@TiO2p-n hetero-junction electrode in developing high-performing electrochemical energy storage devices like supercapacitors.
{"title":"Bi2O3@TiO2 p-n hetero-junction electrode: A promising approach for improving energy storage performance","authors":"Tariq M. Al-Hejri , Hamdan M. Danamah , Vijaykumar V. Jadhav , Shoyebmohamad F. Shaikh , Rajaram S. Mane","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A key strategy to boost electrochemical energy storage device efficiency is to develop cost-effective and eco-friendly nano-hetero-junctions with varying potential windows. A novel Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> <em>p</em>-<em>n</em> hetero-junction electrode is synthesized using sequential ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) chemical approach for obtaining advanced energy storage performance and higher energy density on account of separate working potential windows. Before performing electrochemical energy storage investigations, Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> <em>p</em>-<em>n</em> hetero-junction electrodes are separately envisaged for confirming various physical and chemical parameters like structures, existing chemical elements, surface morphologies, and electrical conductivities. The as-obtained Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> <em>p</em>-<em>n</em> hetero-junction electrode endows nanoflower-nanoball-type bi-layered surface morphology which shows an ameliorated specific capacitance (SC) of 1942.97 F g<sup>−1</sup> and a specific capacity of 1198.18 mA.h.g<sup>−1</sup> at a current density of 5 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. Notably, the band gap energy and potential window range of the Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> <em>p</em>-<em>n</em> hetero-junction electrode are reduced to 1.8 eV and extended to 1.7 V, respectively. The symmetrical supercapacitor setup with Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub>//Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> configuration exhibits a power density as high as 750 W kg<sup>−1</sup> at 316.93 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> energy density and a moderate chemical stability with 99.57 % retention even after 10,000 redox cycles. These improvements are associated to; an expanded potential range, a hierarchical porous morphology, and a synergistic effect of the Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>, convincing the importance of the Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub> <em>p</em>-<em>n</em> hetero-junction electrode in developing high-performing electrochemical energy storage devices like supercapacitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 115996"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.115951
Ying-Jun Quan , Hyun-Taek Lee , Won-Shik Chu , Govindaiah Patakamuri , Stephen M. Hsu , Sung-Hoon Ahn
The solid–liquid phase change thermal energy storage (TES) technique has attracted much interest, not only due to its high thermal energy density and conductivity, but also due to the recent increasing demand for thermal energy to achieve carbon neutrality. However, it is difficult to handle phase change materials (PCMs) during the processes of storage and release of thermal energy due to leakage and corrosion issues. Microencapsulation of PCMs is an emerging technology to solve these problems. Despite the advantages of microencapsulated PCMs, complex fabrication processes involving pH control with toxic chemicals, such as formaldehyde, have limited the mass productivity and environmentally friendly application of this technique. Herein, we report a physical microencapsulation solvent evaporation process that does not require complex process control. We successfully fabricated various PCM/polymethyl methacrylate microcapsules with various latent heat (144.13–217.70 J/g) and phase change temperatures (20–70 °C), and demonstrate that the proposed method can be applied to various organic-based PCMs for numerous applications. A composite polymer stack was fabricated by mixing high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with different PCM microcapsules and evaluated to determine the thermal properties of various samples for TES devices. In natural cooling tests, the composite showed a 56 % increase in cooling duration compared with the HDPE stack without PCM microcapsules. We expect that the proposed PCM microencapsulation process will significantly accelerate the development of PCM TES in industrial and residential fields.
{"title":"Physically microencapsulated phase change materials for wide range of applicable temperatures","authors":"Ying-Jun Quan , Hyun-Taek Lee , Won-Shik Chu , Govindaiah Patakamuri , Stephen M. Hsu , Sung-Hoon Ahn","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The solid–liquid phase change thermal energy storage (TES) technique has attracted much interest, not only due to its high thermal energy density and conductivity, but also due to the recent increasing demand for thermal energy to achieve carbon neutrality. However, it is difficult to handle phase change materials (PCMs) during the processes of storage and release of thermal energy due to leakage and corrosion issues. Microencapsulation of PCMs is an emerging technology to solve these problems. Despite the advantages of microencapsulated PCMs, complex fabrication processes involving pH control with toxic chemicals, such as formaldehyde, have limited the mass productivity and environmentally friendly application of this technique. Herein, we report a physical microencapsulation solvent evaporation process that does not require complex process control. We successfully fabricated various PCM/polymethyl methacrylate microcapsules with various latent heat (144.13–217.70 J/g) and phase change temperatures (20–70 °C), and demonstrate that the proposed method can be applied to various organic-based PCMs for numerous applications. A composite polymer stack was fabricated by mixing high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with different PCM microcapsules and evaluated to determine the thermal properties of various samples for TES devices. In natural cooling tests, the composite showed a 56 % increase in cooling duration compared with the HDPE stack without PCM microcapsules. We expect that the proposed PCM microencapsulation process will significantly accelerate the development of PCM TES in industrial and residential fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 115951"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.115987
Yan Zhao, Xianwei Li, Hui Zhang, Zhongyi Zhang
Improving cycling stability is essential for the practical development of solid-state zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Constructing stable transport channels for the key ionic species is a critical starting point. Herein, a novel interpenetrating network electrolyte was designed with dual-ionic channels for both OH− and zinc species. This solid-state electrolyte achieved a high ionic conductivity of 271 mS cm−1, and the solid-state ZAB incorporating this novel electrolyte effectively extended charge-discharge cycle stability. It was cycled stably for 98 h at a current density of 3 mA cm−2 and exhibited ultra-long cycling stability of 168 h at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. It was found that the by-products on the zinc electrode were suppressed due to the efficient dual-ionic channels, which synergistically facilitate the zinc deposition through the direct pathway.
{"title":"Constructing dual-ionic channels to enhance the cycle stability of solid-state zinc-air batteries","authors":"Yan Zhao, Xianwei Li, Hui Zhang, Zhongyi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving cycling stability is essential for the practical development of solid-state zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Constructing stable transport channels for the key ionic species is a critical starting point. Herein, a novel interpenetrating network electrolyte was designed with dual-ionic channels for both OH<sup>−</sup> and zinc species. This solid-state electrolyte achieved a high ionic conductivity of 271 mS cm<sup>−1</sup>, and the solid-state ZAB incorporating this novel electrolyte effectively extended charge-discharge cycle stability. It was cycled stably for 98 h at a current density of 3 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and exhibited ultra-long cycling stability of 168 h at a current density of 1 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. It was found that the by-products on the zinc electrode were suppressed due to the efficient dual-ionic channels, which synergistically facilitate the zinc deposition through the direct pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 115987"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.115973
Wenyun Wang , Chao Yang , Mingcan Chen , Wentao Qi , Rui Ling , Shusheng Xu , Guangqiang Liu
The pH-decoupling strategy has shown enormous advantages on extending the voltage windows of aqueous electrochemical energy storage devices. Compared to neutral and basic electrolytes, acid electrolytes as catholytes make higher demands on the ion selective permeability of anion exchange membranes for Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors, which refers to not only the anionic flux but also the inhibiting effect of H+ migration. We propose a H+-inhibiting anion exchange membrane (AEM-2) as separator for a pH-decoupling Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor. AEM-1 and AEM-2 can be prepared by the copolymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine and different cross-linking agents (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and p-divinylbenzene). The chemical structure difference between AEM-1 and AEM-2 accounts for the hydrophilicity of AEM-1 and the hydrophobicity of AEM-2, which are further confirmed by the contact angle measurements. The differences between the aqueous PyNH//Zn (AEM-1) supercapacitor and the aqueous PPyNH//Zn (AEM-2) supercapacitor on cycling stability, reflect the better effect of AEM-2 than that of AEM-1 on inhibiting the electromigration and diffusion of the hydrated H+ ions through the AEM. The soft-pack PPyNH//Zn (AEM-2) supercapacitor can provide a gravimetric specific capacitance of 218 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and an energy density of 51.1 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 0.65 kW kg−1. This novel anion exchange membrane for suppressing H+ migration, opens up a new avenue for developing high-performance aqueous electrochemical energy storage devices.
{"title":"A H+-inhibiting anion exchange membrane as separator for a pH-decoupling Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor","authors":"Wenyun Wang , Chao Yang , Mingcan Chen , Wentao Qi , Rui Ling , Shusheng Xu , Guangqiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pH-decoupling strategy has shown enormous advantages on extending the voltage windows of aqueous electrochemical energy storage devices. Compared to neutral and basic electrolytes, acid electrolytes as catholytes make higher demands on the ion selective permeability of anion exchange membranes for Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors, which refers to not only the anionic flux but also the inhibiting effect of H<sup>+</sup> migration. We propose a H<sup>+</sup>-inhibiting anion exchange membrane (AEM-2) as separator for a pH-decoupling Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor. AEM-1 and AEM-2 can be prepared by the copolymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine and different cross-linking agents (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and p-divinylbenzene). The chemical structure difference between AEM-1 and AEM-2 accounts for the hydrophilicity of AEM-1 and the hydrophobicity of AEM-2, which are further confirmed by the contact angle measurements. The differences between the aqueous PyNH//Zn (AEM-1) supercapacitor and the aqueous PPyNH//Zn (AEM-2) supercapacitor on cycling stability, reflect the better effect of AEM-2 than that of AEM-1 on inhibiting the electromigration and diffusion of the hydrated H<sup>+</sup> ions through the AEM. The soft-pack PPyNH//Zn (AEM-2) supercapacitor can provide a gravimetric specific capacitance of 218 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>−1</sup> and an energy density of 51.1 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at the power density of 0.65 kW kg<sup>−1</sup>. This novel anion exchange membrane for suppressing H<sup>+</sup> migration, opens up a new avenue for developing high-performance aqueous electrochemical energy storage devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 115973"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116000
Haoyu Li , Xinqi Xie , Xinyang Zhang , Andrew F. Burke , Jingyuan Zhao
Electrification of transportation is a crucial strategy to mitigate climate change and reduce air pollution. Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are central to this initiative, significantly reducing transport emissions. Yet, the optimal performance of BEV relies heavily on precise battery performance, particularly with respect to capacity degradation (state of health, SOH) and safety risks (state of safety, SOS). These challenges are critical as capacity degradation can impair vehicle performance and safety risks such as thermal runaway may have drastic consequences. The predictive modeling of battery life is hindered by factors such as inconsistencies in materials, varying manufacturing processes, changing operational conditions, and the diversity of data quality. To address these challenges, some cloud-based, artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced framework that integrates longitudinal electronic health records with real-world operational data provides a robust solution. These advanced digital platform enables continuous and dynamic assessment and prediction of battery performance. In this review, we outline the current challenges, emerging techniques, and future directions within a unified framework designed to promote intelligent, interconnected battery management systems (BMS). These developments are essential for improving the reliability and efficiency of BEV, thereby facilitating the global transition toward sustainable transportation.
{"title":"Battery state estimation for electric vehicles: Translating AI innovations into real-world solutions","authors":"Haoyu Li , Xinqi Xie , Xinyang Zhang , Andrew F. Burke , Jingyuan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.116000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrification of transportation is a crucial strategy to mitigate climate change and reduce air pollution. Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are central to this initiative, significantly reducing transport emissions. Yet, the optimal performance of BEV relies heavily on precise battery performance, particularly with respect to capacity degradation (state of health, SOH) and safety risks (state of safety, SOS). These challenges are critical as capacity degradation can impair vehicle performance and safety risks such as thermal runaway may have drastic consequences. The predictive modeling of battery life is hindered by factors such as inconsistencies in materials, varying manufacturing processes, changing operational conditions, and the diversity of data quality. To address these challenges, some cloud-based, artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced framework that integrates longitudinal electronic health records with real-world operational data provides a robust solution. These advanced digital platform enables continuous and dynamic assessment and prediction of battery performance. In this review, we outline the current challenges, emerging techniques, and future directions within a unified framework designed to promote intelligent, interconnected battery management systems (BMS). These developments are essential for improving the reliability and efficiency of BEV, thereby facilitating the global transition toward sustainable transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 116000"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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