Ambiguity-resolved short-baseline positioning performance of LEO frequency-varying carrier phase signals: a feasibility study

While integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) enables GNSS to achieve real-time sub-centimeter-level positioning in open-sky environments, it can be easily hindered if the involved receivers are situated in areas with limited satellite visibility, such as in dense city environments. In such GNSS-challenged cases, commercial Low Earth Orbit (LEO) communication satellites can potentially augment GNSS by providing additional measurements. However, LEO satellites often lack code measurements, mainly transmitting satellite-specific frequency-varying carrier phase signals. This contribution aims to study the ambiguity-resolved baseline positioning performance of such phase-only signals, addressing the extent to which LEO constellations can realize near real-time positioning in standalone and GNSS-combined modes. Through a simulation platform, we analyze the distinct response of each LEO constellation (Iridium, Globalstar, Starlink, OneWeb, and Orbcomm) to IAR under various circumstances. Although achieving single-receiver high-precision positioning can be challenged by inaccuracies in the LEO satellite orbit products, the relative distance between two receivers can help overcome this limitation. As a result, centimeter-level relative positioning over short baselines can be made possible, even with a satellite elevation cut-off angle of 50 degrees, making it suitable for GNSS-challenged environments. This can be achieved with high-grade receiver clocks over very short baselines (\(\sim \)5 km) and access to decimeter-level orbit products.