Pub Date : 2026-03-13DOI: 10.1007/s00190-026-02043-y
Vinicius Francisco Rofatto, Ivandro Klein, Jhonatta Willyan Miato Assunção, Lincon Rodrigues Silva, Paulo de Oliveira Camargo, Mauricio Roberto Veronez, Luiz Gonzaga da Silveira, Marcelo Tomio Matsuoka
Least-squares-based testing procedures for unstable-point identification in geodetic monitoring networks are vulnerable to the smear effect, whereby the influence of a true displacement spreads over several coordinate differences. This leads to a displaced point classified as stable (masking) and a stable point classified as unstable (swamping), a problem that becomes more severe when several points move simultaneously. Recent sequential and combinatorial procedures reduce these effects, but they often lack explicit control of the stepwise false-alarm rate and do not treat post-selection in a formal way. This paper presents SEQCUP, a sequential combinatorial post-selection testing procedure for univariate congruence models when the number and location of displaced points are unknown. The method uses two-epoch observation differences, remains invariant with respect to datum definition, and retains a strictly linear congruence model. At each stage, SEQCUP compares the current null model with higher-dimensional alternatives by means of a quadratic-form statistic built from the difference between their orthogonal projection matrices. The critical value is calibrated with Monte Carlo simulations under the parameterized null displacement model, conditional on the data-driven model selected at the previous stage, so that the resulting test remains valid for both nested and non-nested hypotheses within a unified framework. A stopping rule also limits the maximum number of points inspected in the sequential procedure. It relies on the network topology, excludes models that share the same projector, and uses a normalized distance between projectors to avoid stages with potentially weak separability and pronounced smear effects. Numerical experiments with trilateration, GNSS baseline, and levelling networks, together with literature-based scenarios, show that SEQCUP controls false alarms effectively and attains high mean success rates for model identification over a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios. The method performs at least as well as classical procedures and remains comparable to contemporary combinatorial and information-criterion-based methods, with clear advantages in several scenarios involving multiple displaced points and low-to-moderate signal-to-noise ratios.
{"title":"A sequential post-selection testing procedure for univariate congruence models with nested and non-nested hypotheses","authors":"Vinicius Francisco Rofatto, Ivandro Klein, Jhonatta Willyan Miato Assunção, Lincon Rodrigues Silva, Paulo de Oliveira Camargo, Mauricio Roberto Veronez, Luiz Gonzaga da Silveira, Marcelo Tomio Matsuoka","doi":"10.1007/s00190-026-02043-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-026-02043-y","url":null,"abstract":"Least-squares-based testing procedures for unstable-point identification in geodetic monitoring networks are vulnerable to the smear effect, whereby the influence of a true displacement spreads over several coordinate differences. This leads to a displaced point classified as stable (masking) and a stable point classified as unstable (swamping), a problem that becomes more severe when several points move simultaneously. Recent sequential and combinatorial procedures reduce these effects, but they often lack explicit control of the stepwise false-alarm rate and do not treat post-selection in a formal way. This paper presents SEQCUP, a sequential combinatorial post-selection testing procedure for univariate congruence models when the number and location of displaced points are unknown. The method uses two-epoch observation differences, remains invariant with respect to datum definition, and retains a strictly linear congruence model. At each stage, SEQCUP compares the current null model with higher-dimensional alternatives by means of a quadratic-form statistic built from the difference between their orthogonal projection matrices. The critical value is calibrated with Monte Carlo simulations under the parameterized null displacement model, conditional on the data-driven model selected at the previous stage, so that the resulting test remains valid for both nested and non-nested hypotheses within a unified framework. A stopping rule also limits the maximum number of points inspected in the sequential procedure. It relies on the network topology, excludes models that share the same projector, and uses a normalized distance between projectors to avoid stages with potentially weak separability and pronounced smear effects. Numerical experiments with trilateration, GNSS baseline, and levelling networks, together with literature-based scenarios, show that SEQCUP controls false alarms effectively and attains high mean success rates for model identification over a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios. The method performs at least as well as classical procedures and remains comparable to contemporary combinatorial and information-criterion-based methods, with clear advantages in several scenarios involving multiple displaced points and low-to-moderate signal-to-noise ratios.","PeriodicalId":54822,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geodesy","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147461845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-13DOI: 10.1007/s00190-026-02037-w
Enikő Barbély, Judit Benedek, Nikolaus Horn, Bruno Meurers, Roman Leonhardt, Gábor Papp
Based on the decadal scientific cooperation between researchers of Geosphere Austria and the HUN-REN Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, Hungary, a small polygonal network of Lippmann’s nanoradian-resolution 2D vertical pendulum type compact tiltmeters was established for the monitoring of ground tilts related to tectonic processes in the Mur-Mürz fault zone. Since the beginning of the year 2023, five stations have been operational at 5 Hz sampling rate, among them three stations are equipped also with Streckeisen STS2 or STS2.5 broadband seismometers. Although tiltmeters are applied usually for detecting low frequency deformations, in addition to long periodic signals (e.g. tidal tilt), waveforms of several local and plenty of distant seismic events also were recorded by them. The synchrony and consistency of tilt waveforms observed during local events stimulated the idea of testing the performance of the network by estimating epicentre locations of the events, independently from seismological data. This contributes to the knowledge of the performance, limitations, etc., of the tilt network as a whole system, and also of the high-frequency characteristics of the applied Lippmann-type tiltmeters. Since no standard procedure is available to process tilt data for seismological applications, two methods based on different simplifications of elastic wave propagation are provided for epicentre positioning. The geometric and the time delay inversion methods apply the plane and spherical wave front approaches, respectively. Both solve the problem of event localization in 2D based on the concept of apparent phase velocity of primary seismic waves. Generally the inner accuracy, i.e. the formal error estimates of the epicentre coordinates, of both methods are similar (~ ± 2 km). Although the network geometry was not optimized for such a task, the external positioning accuracy defined as the average deviation between the epicentres estimated by the applied time delay inversion method and the well-established seismological data processing is ~ 4.5 km (median: 2.3 km). The inner and the external positioning accuracy estimates suggest proper network operation and high consistency between recorded ground tilt and ground velocity data. It may give a chance to integrate the high-frequency tilt waveforms in further local seismo-tectonic investigations.
基于奥地利地质圈研究所与匈牙利hunn - ren地球物理与空间科学研究所的十年科学合作，建立了一个小型多边形Lippmann纳米分辨率二维垂直摆式紧凑倾斜仪网络，用于监测mr - m rz断裂带与构造过程相关的地面倾斜度。自2023年年初起，已有5个台站以5赫兹采样率运作，其中3个台站亦安装了Streckeisen STS2或STS2.5宽频地震仪。虽然倾斜仪通常用于检测低频变形，但除了长周期信号（如潮汐倾斜）外，它们还记录了几个局部和大量遥远地震事件的波形。在局部事件中观测到的倾斜波形的同步性和一致性激发了通过估计事件的震中位置来测试网络性能的想法，而不依赖于地震数据。这有助于了解倾斜度网络作为一个整体系统的性能、局限性等，以及应用的李普曼式倾斜度计的高频特性。由于没有标准程序来处理地震学应用中的倾斜数据，因此提供了两种基于弹性波传播不同简化的方法来定位震中。几何反演和时延反演分别采用平面波前法和球面波前法。两者都是基于主震波视相速度的概念来解决二维事件定位问题。一般来说，两种方法的内部精度，即震中坐标的形式误差估计，是相似的（~±2公里）。虽然网络几何形状没有优化，但外部定位精度定义为应用时间延迟反演方法估计的震中与成熟的地震数据处理之间的平均偏差，约为4.5 km（中位数为2.3 km）。内部和外部定位精度估计表明网络运行正常，记录的地面倾斜和地面速度数据一致性高。这可能为进一步的局部地震构造调查提供整合高频倾斜波形的机会。
{"title":"Assessment of the network operation of high-resolution Lippmann tiltmeters installed for the monitoring of the Mur-Mürz fault line (Austria)","authors":"Enikő Barbély, Judit Benedek, Nikolaus Horn, Bruno Meurers, Roman Leonhardt, Gábor Papp","doi":"10.1007/s00190-026-02037-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-026-02037-w","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the decadal scientific cooperation between researchers of Geosphere Austria and the HUN-REN Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, Hungary, a small polygonal network of Lippmann’s nanoradian-resolution 2D vertical pendulum type compact tiltmeters was established for the monitoring of ground tilts related to tectonic processes in the Mur-Mürz fault zone. Since the beginning of the year 2023, five stations have been operational at 5 Hz sampling rate, among them three stations are equipped also with Streckeisen STS2 or STS2.5 broadband seismometers. Although tiltmeters are applied usually for detecting low frequency deformations, in addition to long periodic signals (e.g. tidal tilt), waveforms of several local and plenty of distant seismic events also were recorded by them. The synchrony and consistency of tilt waveforms observed during local events stimulated the idea of testing the performance of the network by estimating epicentre locations of the events, independently from seismological data. This contributes to the knowledge of the performance, limitations, etc., of the tilt network as a whole system, and also of the high-frequency characteristics of the applied Lippmann-type tiltmeters. Since no standard procedure is available to process tilt data for seismological applications, two methods based on different simplifications of elastic wave propagation are provided for epicentre positioning. The geometric and the time delay inversion methods apply the plane and spherical wave front approaches, respectively. Both solve the problem of event localization in 2D based on the concept of apparent phase velocity of primary seismic waves. Generally the inner accuracy, i.e. the formal error estimates of the epicentre coordinates, of both methods are similar (~ ± 2 km). Although the network geometry was not optimized for such a task, the external positioning accuracy defined as the average deviation between the epicentres estimated by the applied time delay inversion method and the well-established seismological data processing is ~ 4.5 km (median: 2.3 km). The inner and the external positioning accuracy estimates suggest proper network operation and high consistency between recorded ground tilt and ground velocity data. It may give a chance to integrate the high-frequency tilt waveforms in further local seismo-tectonic investigations.","PeriodicalId":54822,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geodesy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147461844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1007/s00190-026-02046-9
P. N. A. M. Visser, J. A. A. van den IJssel, C. Siemes
The ESA GOCE satellite carried a gravity gradiometer consisting of three pairs of accelerometers on mutually orthogonal axes. For each accelerometer, bias and scale factors have been re-estimated by a dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) using improved gravity field modeling and standards. The kinematic orbit solution included in GPS-based Precise Science Orbit (PSO) product served as the baseline observables for 1210 daily arcs, covering the period from 1 November 2009 to 20 October 2013. Implementing improved force models almost completely resolved the deviations of the Y -axis scale factor obtained in earlier work (Visser and Ijssel 2016). A novel aspect is the verification by comparison with dynamic POD solutions based on SLR observations using 51 two-day orbital arcs. A high level of consistency was obtained between the kinematic PSO- and SLR-based accelerometer calibration parameters, e.g. within 0.01 nm/s $$^{ 2}$$2 for the X -axis pointing predominantly in the flight direction in terms of bias. One set of accelerometer scale factors was estimated for the entire mission. These were found to be consistent to within 0.005 for all accelerometer axes. The three-dimensional consistency between the dynamic orbits and the PSO reduced-dynamic orbit solutions has a mean Root-Mean-Square (RMS) of 4.5 and 10 cm, respectively, for the PSO reduced-dynamic and SLR-based dynamic orbit solutions. In addition, the one-dimensional RMS-of-fit of the PSO kinematic orbit solution improved significantly from 6.9 in Visser and Ijssel (2016) to 2.6 cm.
{"title":"Calibration of the GOCE accelerometers by GPS- and SLR-based precise orbit determination","authors":"P. N. A. M. Visser, J. A. A. van den IJssel, C. Siemes","doi":"10.1007/s00190-026-02046-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-026-02046-9","url":null,"abstract":"The ESA GOCE satellite carried a gravity gradiometer consisting of three pairs of accelerometers on mutually orthogonal axes. For each accelerometer, bias and scale factors have been re-estimated by a dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) using improved gravity field modeling and standards. The kinematic orbit solution included in GPS-based Precise Science Orbit (PSO) product served as the baseline observables for 1210 daily arcs, covering the period from 1 November 2009 to 20 October 2013. Implementing improved force models almost completely resolved the deviations of the <jats:italic>Y</jats:italic> -axis scale factor obtained in earlier work (Visser and Ijssel 2016). A novel aspect is the verification by comparison with dynamic POD solutions based on SLR observations using 51 two-day orbital arcs. A high level of consistency was obtained between the kinematic PSO- and SLR-based accelerometer calibration parameters, e.g. within 0.01 nm/s <jats:inline-formula> <jats:alternatives> <jats:tex-math>$$^{ 2}$$</jats:tex-math> <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> </mml:math> </jats:alternatives> </jats:inline-formula> for the <jats:italic>X</jats:italic> -axis pointing predominantly in the flight direction in terms of bias. One set of accelerometer scale factors was estimated for the entire mission. These were found to be consistent to within 0.005 for all accelerometer axes. The three-dimensional consistency between the dynamic orbits and the PSO reduced-dynamic orbit solutions has a mean Root-Mean-Square (RMS) of 4.5 and 10 cm, respectively, for the PSO reduced-dynamic and SLR-based dynamic orbit solutions. In addition, the one-dimensional RMS-of-fit of the PSO kinematic orbit solution improved significantly from 6.9 in Visser and Ijssel (2016) to 2.6 cm.","PeriodicalId":54822,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geodesy","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147461846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-27DOI: 10.1007/s00190-026-02040-1
Jean-Michel Lemoine, Stéphane Bourgogne, Pascal Gégout, Franck Reinquin, Jean-Charles Marty, Flavien Mercier, Sylvain Loyer, Sean Bruinsma, Georges Balmino
The GRACE and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions aim to track temporal changes in Earth's gravity field. Using data from these missions, CNES/GRGS has produced the “RL05” satellite-only series of geopotential solutions in spherical harmonics up to degree and order 90. These solutions are available at both monthly and 10-day temporal resolutions, covering the period from April 2002 to July 2025. These solutions were derived using a distinct processing strategy—particularly with respect to background models and solution stabilization techniques—compared to those adopted by most other groups involved in GRACE/GRACE-FO data processing. Nevertheless, the core parameter estimation approach remains fundamentally the same. The main differences with other processing centers are the combination of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data from geodetic satellites with GRACE data at the normal equation level (and not as a substitution of low-degree SH coefficients) and the use of truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) for the time-variable gravity (TVG) field solution. Examination of TVG time series over test areas such as the Caspian Sea and Iceland demonstrates the advantages of TSVD resolution over conventional unconstrained methods such as Cholesky decomposition, which require post-processing filtering. The DDK5 filter, for instance, produces a strong decrease in the restored signal from spherical harmonic degree 50, compared to approximately degree 70 for the TSVD solution. Our TSVD solution is also compared to mascon solutions, showing a commensurability of the signal content of the solutions, with the advantage of not relying on geophysical assumptions and of providing, on the oceans, a less constrained solution than mascons. Finally, an evaluation of the noise of these different solutions is carried out by estimating and comparing the errors of the solutions on the regions where the TVG signal is particularly weak. The noise is estimated at the level of 1.0 to 4.6 cm equivalent water height (EWH), depending on the resolution, for the DDK5-filtered RL06 solutions from CSR, JPL and GFZ, and at the level of 0.9–3.3 cm EWH for the COST-G, TUGRAZ and CNES-RL05-TSVD solutions.
{"title":"22 years of time-variable gravity field determination from GRACE and GRACE Follow-On: the CNES/GRGS RL05 solution","authors":"Jean-Michel Lemoine, Stéphane Bourgogne, Pascal Gégout, Franck Reinquin, Jean-Charles Marty, Flavien Mercier, Sylvain Loyer, Sean Bruinsma, Georges Balmino","doi":"10.1007/s00190-026-02040-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-026-02040-1","url":null,"abstract":"The GRACE and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions aim to track temporal changes in Earth's gravity field. Using data from these missions, CNES/GRGS has produced the “RL05” satellite-only series of geopotential solutions in spherical harmonics up to degree and order 90. These solutions are available at both monthly and 10-day temporal resolutions, covering the period from April 2002 to July 2025. These solutions were derived using a distinct processing strategy—particularly with respect to background models and solution stabilization techniques—compared to those adopted by most other groups involved in GRACE/GRACE-FO data processing. Nevertheless, the core parameter estimation approach remains fundamentally the same. The main differences with other processing centers are the combination of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data from geodetic satellites with GRACE data at the normal equation level (and not as a substitution of low-degree SH coefficients) and the use of truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) for the time-variable gravity (TVG) field solution. Examination of TVG time series over test areas such as the Caspian Sea and Iceland demonstrates the advantages of TSVD resolution over conventional unconstrained methods such as Cholesky decomposition, which require post-processing filtering. The DDK5 filter, for instance, produces a strong decrease in the restored signal from spherical harmonic degree 50, compared to approximately degree 70 for the TSVD solution. Our TSVD solution is also compared to mascon solutions, showing a commensurability of the signal content of the solutions, with the advantage of not relying on geophysical assumptions and of providing, on the oceans, a less constrained solution than mascons. Finally, an evaluation of the noise of these different solutions is carried out by estimating and comparing the errors of the solutions on the regions where the TVG signal is particularly weak. The noise is estimated at the level of 1.0 to 4.6 cm equivalent water height (EWH), depending on the resolution, for the DDK5-filtered RL06 solutions from CSR, JPL and GFZ, and at the level of 0.9–3.3 cm EWH for the COST-G, TUGRAZ and CNES-RL05-TSVD solutions.","PeriodicalId":54822,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geodesy","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-17DOI: 10.1007/s00190-026-02030-3
Charles F. F. Karney
On Boxing Day, 1838, Jacobi found a solution to the problem of geodesics on a triaxial ellipsoid, with the course of the geodesic and the distance along it given in terms of one-dimensional integrals. Here, a numerical implementation of this solution is described. This entails accurately evaluating the integrals and solving the resulting coupled system of equations. The inverse problem, finding the shortest path between two points on the ellipsoid, can then be solved using a similar method as for biaxial ellipsoids.
{"title":"Jacobi’s solution for geodesics on a triaxial ellipsoid","authors":"Charles F. F. Karney","doi":"10.1007/s00190-026-02030-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-026-02030-3","url":null,"abstract":"On Boxing Day, 1838, Jacobi found a solution to the problem of geodesics on a triaxial ellipsoid, with the course of the geodesic and the distance along it given in terms of one-dimensional integrals. Here, a numerical implementation of this solution is described. This entails accurately evaluating the integrals and solving the resulting coupled system of equations. The inverse problem, finding the shortest path between two points on the ellipsoid, can then be solved using a similar method as for biaxial ellipsoids.","PeriodicalId":54822,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geodesy","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146205318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DTRF2020 is the latest realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) by DGFI-TUM and is based on the same input data as ITRF2020. It is generated using the DGFI-TUM two-step combination approach, combining cumulative normal equations from the individual techniques GNSS, SLR, VLBI and DORIS. DTRF2020 introduces three key innovations: (1) it is the first secular ITRS realization with scale determined jointly from VLBI and GNSS; (2) it applies non-tidal loading corrections from atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrological models; and (3) it models post-seismic deformation using logarithmic and exponential functions. In addition to SINEX and EOP files, DTRF2020 provides all information required to compute instantaneous station positions: non-tidal loading reductions, post-seismic deformation models, residual and translations time series. Non-tidal loading corrections reduce GNSS height RMS for 99% of stations and significantly decrease annual signals in translation and scale. DTRF2020 agrees well with DTRF2014. Compared to ITRF2020, transformation differences reach up to 3.1 mm in position and 0.13 mm/yr in velocity for GNSS, VLBI, and SLR, and below 4.6 mm and 0.27 mm/yr for DORIS. Height velocities are consistent with GIA and CMR-based models, with regional differences within ± 3 mm/yr.
{"title":"DTRF2020: The ITRS 2020 realization of DGFI-TUM","authors":"Manuela Seitz, Mathis Bloßfeld, Matthias Glomsda, Detlef Angermann, Sergei Rudenko, Julian Zeitlhöfler, Florian Seitz","doi":"10.1007/s00190-026-02032-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-026-02032-1","url":null,"abstract":"DTRF2020 is the latest realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) by DGFI-TUM and is based on the same input data as ITRF2020. It is generated using the DGFI-TUM two-step combination approach, combining cumulative normal equations from the individual techniques GNSS, SLR, VLBI and DORIS. DTRF2020 introduces three key innovations: (1) it is the first secular ITRS realization with scale determined jointly from VLBI and GNSS; (2) it applies non-tidal loading corrections from atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrological models; and (3) it models post-seismic deformation using logarithmic and exponential functions. In addition to SINEX and EOP files, DTRF2020 provides all information required to compute instantaneous station positions: non-tidal loading reductions, post-seismic deformation models, residual and translations time series. Non-tidal loading corrections reduce GNSS height RMS for 99% of stations and significantly decrease annual signals in translation and scale. DTRF2020 agrees well with DTRF2014. Compared to ITRF2020, transformation differences reach up to 3.1 mm in position and 0.13 mm/yr in velocity for GNSS, VLBI, and SLR, and below 4.6 mm and 0.27 mm/yr for DORIS. Height velocities are consistent with GIA and CMR-based models, with regional differences within ± 3 mm/yr.","PeriodicalId":54822,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geodesy","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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