Green synthesis protocols, toxicity, and recent progress in nanomaterial-based for environmental chemical sensors applications

This study focuses on applying NPs synthesized via the green method for chemical sensor applications. The development of green NPs materials as chemical sensors have been widely used and explored in various applications such as the environment, food, agriculture, and medicine. Several methods of green synthesis approach have been studied in producing NPs. The advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of the synthesis process and influencing factors have been thoroughly summarized to produce NPs material. This review also discusses the toxicokinetic properties and stability of NPs, along with possible solutions to avoid their side effects. The physical and chemical unique properties of NPs, such as high surface area, good stability, thermal, and catalytic, depend on the synthesis route and the modifier attached to the NPs. Furthermore, the application and mechanism of the synthesized green NPs have been reported, especially in detecting organic compounds/biomolecules, toxic gases, and heavy metals