Nurse initiated spontaneous breathing trials in adult intensive care unit patients: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review was to explore existing literature on protocols initiated by nurses for a spontaneous breathing trial in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients in order to examine and conceptually map the evidence, and identify gaps in the literature. INTRODUCTION The mechanically ventilated patient incurs high costs related to care and complications. Nurses are vital in the care of the critically ill mechanically ventilated patient. By involving the nurse in the weaning process through implementing the final stage of the weaning process, the spontaneous breathing trial, patients may liberate from mechanical ventilation more readily, thereby reducing the cost of care and number of complications associated with prolonged ventilation. INCLUSION CRITERIA This review considered experimental and quasi-experimental study designs, analytical observational studies, case-control studies, analytical cross-sectional studies, descriptive observational studies, qualitative studies, and text and opinion papers. Adult ICU patients, aged 18 and over who were mechanically ventilated and candidates for weaning to spontaneous breathing trials were included in the review. Adult ICUs included but were not limited to burn ICUs, cardiovascular ICUs, medical ICUs, neurological ICUs, surgical ICUs, and trauma ICUs in all geographic locations. This scoping review considered studies that examined the use of nurse-initiated protocols for a spontaneous breathing trial. METHODS The Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology was used. Key information sources searched were JBI Database of Systematic Review and Implementation Reports, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed, PROSPERO, DARE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Academic Search Premier, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, MedNar, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Papers First, and societal websites with information relevant to the scoping review. Only studies published in English were included, and no date limits were applied. The data extraction tool was developed by the authors to examine information retrieved from the studies. RESULTS Four studies, with 430 participants, were included in this review. One study was a non-randomized control trial, two were randomized control studies, and one was a text and opinion paper. The four studies included in the review identified both eligibility criteria for spontaneous breathing trial initiation, detailed elements of a spontaneous breathing trial, and criteria for success. Three of the four studies reported outcomes with the use of protocols for spontaneous breathing trials initiated by nurses. CONCLUSIONS All included studies support the utilization of protocols and allowing the nurse to initiate the protocol, however variations in the eligibility criteria, details of the spontaneous breathing trial and success criteria create ambiguity in practice.