Optimal diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a spectrum of liver disorders, defined by the presence of steatosis or fat in the liver cells in >5% of hepatocytes of patients after little or no alcohol consumption [1]. Up to 25% of the global population is estimated to have NAFLD, which can be classified as non-alcoholic fatty liver that is benign, or when fat accumulates in hepatocytes, is called liver steatosis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [2]. NAFLD can occur in people who take in more calories than the body needs, particularly those with sedentary lifestyle. Type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and high blood pressure are associated with an increased risk of NAFLD. Therefore, NAFLD has also been regarded as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome [3], which in turn is associated with an increased risk of developing numerous other health problems and diseases [4]. Liver biopsy is the criterion standard for diagnosis of NAFLD [5]. However, the grading of the severity of NAFLD can be based on the grade of fatty liver from ultrasonography, which can produce increased echogenicity on ultrasound, decreased hepatic attenuation on computed tomography, or an increased fat signal on magnetic resonance imaging [6]. Patients often seek further workup, including laboratory tests and imaging studies, when liver function screening reveals elevated liver aminotransferases [7]. It is important to identify NASH, the more aggressive form of NAFLD. NASH has become a leading reason for liver transplantation in some countries, overtaking cirrhosis from hepatitis and alcohol consumption. NASH is an important condition that needs early recognition and intervention to slow the progress of the disease, such as through diet and lifestyle modification, and control of obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and other factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Although some have suggested that treatment with vitamin E and pioglitazone may reduce the progress to steatosis and inflammation [8], vitamin E is not used as a first line treatment for fatty liver disease. It is used only when nondrug treatment fails to improve the fatty liver disease, because vitamin E, in an inappropriate dosage, may also harm the liver. Data concerning the effect of vitamin E on hepatic histology are still lacking. Moreover, the short duration of trials limits conclusions about its safety and efficacy [9]. Moreover, vitamin E treatment has had no effect on fibrosis, which is the strongest indicator of undesirable presence of NASH. Serum uric acid level is associated with NAFLD independent of other metabolic factors, and this suggests that serum uric acid levels may be used to assess the severity and progression of NAFLD as an alternative in settings where ultrasonography or FibroScan of the liver are not readily available [10]. In addition, serum uric acid is known as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including insulin resistance, which is considered as an important risk factor for the development of NAFLD [11]. In NAFLD patients, hyperuricemia is independently associated with the severity of liver damage, which, together with insulin resistance, is a therapeutic target for potential intervention trials [12]. Park et al. [13] have reported in this (February 2022) issue of Asian Biomedicine about the association between serum uric acid levels and fatty liver. They found that serum uric acid level has a stronger association with hepatic steatosis than hepatic fibrosis. In other words, serum uric acid levels may help identify the stage of progression of NAFLD before hepatic fibrosis occurs, which may provide time for effective intervention to slow the progression of NAFLD. The finding is consistent with those of another study that showed serum uric acid levels decreased with the progress of fibrosis in patients