Multifunctional tactile sensor with multimodal capabilities for pressure, temperature, and surface recognition

Abstract

Tactile perception, a vital sensory function, enables humans to interact directly with their environment, responding to various stimuli such as pressure, temperature, and texture. Recent advancements in functional materials and micro-nano fabrication have led to the development of highly flexible tactile sensors with excellent spatial resolution and sensitivity. However, replicating the complexity of human tactile perception remains challenging, necessitating innovative sensor designs that can mimic human touch. This study presents a multifunctional tactile sensor with multimodal capabilities, capable of simultaneously detecting pressure, temperature, and surface properties by integrating distinct sensing mechanisms. The sensor utilizes PVDF/Ti₃C₂ and PVDF-TrFE/Ti₃C₂ composites for static and dynamic pressure sensing, respectively, and PEDOT: PSS/Ti₃C₂ for temperature measurement. Additionally, a triboelectric layer with patterned PDMS enables effective surface differentiation. Each sensing layer was integrated using a hot rolling press technique, with Ti₃C₂ enhancing the sensor's conductivity, piezoelectric performance, and thermal sensitivity. The multimodal sensor demonstrates simultaneous detection of static and dynamic stimuli, temperature variations, and surface material properties, making it suitable for advanced applications in robotics and healthcare where complex tactile feedback is essential.